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Generalization across different environments with the same tasks is critical for successful applications of visual reinforcement learning (RL) in real scenarios. However, visual distractions -- which are common in real scenes -- from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Rui Yang , Jie Wang , Zijie Geng , Mingxuan Ye , Shuiwang Ji , Bin Li , Feng Wu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is used in various robotic applications. RL enables agents to learn tasks autonomously by interacting with the environment. The more critical the tasks are, the higher the demand for the robustness of the RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Tom He , Jasmina Gajcin , Ivana Dusparic

Reinforcement learning (RL) has produced spectacular results in games, robotics, and continuous control. Yet, despite these successes, learned policies often fail to generalize beyond their training distribution, limiting real-world impact.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 André Biedenkapp

Despite the broad application of deep reinforcement learning (RL), transferring and adapting the policy to unseen but similar environments is still a significant challenge. Recently, the language-conditioned policy is proposed to facilitate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Shaohui Peng , Xing Hu , Rui Zhang , Jiaming Guo , Qi Yi , Ruizhi Chen , Zidong Du , Ling Li , Qi Guo , Yunji Chen

Reinforcement learning (RL) can be formulated as a sequence modeling problem, where models predict future actions based on historical state-action-reward sequences. Current approaches typically require long trajectory sequences to model the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Hemant Kumawat , Saibal Mukhopadhyay

Causal representation learning (CRL) offers the promise of uncovering the underlying causal model by which observed data was generated, but the practical applicability of existing methods remains limited by the strong assumptions required…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yuhang Liu , Zhen Zhang , Dong Gong , Erdun Gao , Biwei Huang , Mingming Gong , Anton van den Hengel , Kun Zhang , Javen Qinfeng Shi

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents often struggle to generalize to new tasks and contexts without updating their parameters, mainly because their learned representations and policies are overfit to the specifics of their training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Fernando Martinez-Lopez , Tao Li , Yingdong Lu , Juntao Chen

In this paper, we investigate the problem of overfitting in deep reinforcement learning. Among the most common benchmarks in RL, it is customary to use the same environments for both training and testing. This practice offers relatively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Karl Cobbe , Oleg Klimov , Chris Hesse , Taehoon Kim , John Schulman

A topic of great current interest is Causal Representation Learning (CRL), whose goal is to learn a causal model for hidden features in a data-driven manner. Unfortunately, CRL is severely ill-posed since it is a combination of the two…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-10 Hiroshi Morioka , Aapo Hyvärinen

Generating explanations for reinforcement learning (RL) is challenging as actions may produce long-term effects on the future. In this paper, we develop a novel framework for explainable RL by learning a causal world model without prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Zhongwei Yu , Jingqing Ruan , Dengpeng Xing

In this paper, we confront the problem of applying reinforcement learning to agents that perceive the environment through many sensors and that can perform parallel actions using many actuators as is the case in complex autonomous robots.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-07-04 E. Celaya , J. M. Porta

Why do reinforcement learning (RL) policies fail or succeed? This is a challenging question due to the complex, high-dimensional nature of agent-environment interactions. In this work, we take a causal perspective on explaining the behavior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-22 Armin Kekić , Jan Schneider , Dieter Büchler , Bernhard Schölkopf , Michel Besserve

In the sequential decision making setting, an agent aims to achieve systematic generalization over a large, possibly infinite, set of environments. Such environments are modeled as discrete Markov decision processes with both states and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Mirco Mutti , Riccardo De Santi , Emanuele Rossi , Juan Felipe Calderon , Michael Bronstein , Marcello Restelli

Online reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are often difficult to deploy in complex human-facing applications as they may learn slowly and have poor early performance. To address this, we introduce a practical algorithm for incorporating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Tong Mu , Georgios Theocharous , David Arbour , Emma Brunskill

Text-based games (TBG) have emerged as promising environments for driving research in grounded language understanding and studying problems like generalization and sample efficiency. Several deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Mattia Atzeni , Shehzaad Dhuliawala , Keerthiram Murugesan , Mrinmaya Sachan

Humans can flexibly generalize knowledge across domains by leveraging structured relational representations. While prior research has shown how such representations support analogical reasoning, less is known about how they are recruited to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Guillermo Puebla , Leonidas A. A. Doumas

Learning effective representations in image-based environments is crucial for sample efficient Reinforcement Learning (RL). Unfortunately, in RL, representation learning is confounded with the exploratory experience of the agent -- learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Denis Yarats , Rob Fergus , Alessandro Lazaric , Lerrel Pinto

Inducing causal relationships from observations is a classic problem in machine learning. Most work in causality starts from the premise that the causal variables themselves are observed. However, for AI agents such as robots trying to make…

This paper develops an inherently parallelised, fast, approximate learning-based solution to the generic class of Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problems with Time Windows and Dynamic Routing (CVRP-TWDR). Considering vehicles in a fleet as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Nazneen N Sultana , Vinita Baniwal , Ansuma Basumatary , Piyush Mittal , Supratim Ghosh , Harshad Khadilkar

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) agents often fail to generalize to unseen environments (yet semantically similar to trained agents), particularly when they are trained on high-dimensional state spaces, such as images. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Kimin Lee , Kibok Lee , Jinwoo Shin , Honglak Lee