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Battery models generally fall into two categories: physics-based models and ECM models. Physics-based Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) models can accurately simulate the battery internal electrochemical processes, but to properly account for…

Applied Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Han Yuan , Shen Li , Tao Zhu , Simon O'Kane , Carlos Garcia , Gregory Offer , Monica Marinescu

Accurate state of temperature (SOT) estimation for batteries is crucial for regulating their temperature within a desired range to ensure safe operation and optimal performance. The existing measurement-based methods often generate noisy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-18 Myisha A. Chowdhury , Qiugang Lu

Conventional battery equivalent circuit models (ECMs) have limited capability to predict performance at high discharge rates, where lithium depleted regions may develop and cause a sudden exponential drop in the cell's terminal voltage.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-16 Alireza Goshtasbi , Ruxiu Zhao , Ruiting Wang , Sangwoo Han , Wenting Ma , Jeremy Neubauer

Electrochemical hybrid battery models have major potential to enable advanced physics-based control, diagnostic, and prognostic features for next-generation lithium-ion battery management systems. This is due to the physical significance of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-13 Jackson Fogelquist , Xinfan Lin

Given the high power density low discharge rate and decreasing cost rechargeable lithium-ion batteries LiBs have found a wide range of applications such as power grid level storage systems electric vehicles and mobile devices. Developing a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-07 Anh Phuong Ngo , Nhat Le , Hieu T. Nguyen , Abdullah Eroglu , Duong T. Nguyen

Accurate terminal-voltage prediction underpins model-based battery management, yet low-order equivalent-circuit models (\ecm{}) lack expressiveness under transient conditions, whereas purely data-driven predictors sacrifice interpretability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Alexandre Barbosa de Lima , Roberta Vieira Raggi

Being able to predict battery internal states that are related to battery degradation is a key aspect to improve battery lifetime and performance, enhancing cleaner electric transportation and energy generation. However, most present…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Iker Lopetegi , Sergio Fernandez , Gregory L. Plett , M. Scott Trimboli , Unai Iraola

Modeling of Li-ion cells is used in battery management systems (BMS) to determine key states such as state-of-charge (SoC), state-of-health (SoH), etc. Accurate models are also useful in developing a cell-level digital-twin that can be used…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Abhijit Kulkarni , Ahsan Nadeem , Roberta Di Fonso , Yusheng Zheng , Remus Teodorescu

Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) data for electrochemical systems often consists of defining an Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) using expert knowledge and then optimizing the model parameters to deconvolute various…

The penetrations of lithium-ion batteries in transport, energy and communication systems are increasing rapidly. A meticulous model applicable for precise in-situ monitoring and convenient online controlling is in sought to bridge the gap…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-22 Yuxuan Gu , Jianxiao Wang , Yuanbo Chen , Zhongwei Deng , Hongye Guo , Kedi Zheng , Qixin Chen

Lithium ion batteries are widely used in many applications. Battery management systems control their optimal use and charging and predict when the battery will cease to deliver the required output on a planned duty or driving cycle. Such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Maricela Best McKay , Bhushan Gopaluni , Brian Wetton

Battery aging is a natural process that contributes to capacity and power fade, resulting in a gradual performance degradation over time and usage. State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH) monitoring of an aging battery poses a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-25 Anirudh Allam , Simona Onori

This paper develops a comprehensive physics-based model (PBM) that spans a wide operational range, including varying temperatures, charge/discharge conditions, and real-world field data cycles. The PBM incorporates key factors such as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-20 Guodong Fan , Boru Zhou , Chengwen Meng , Tengwei Pang , Xi Zhang , Mingshu Du , Wei Zhao

In this work we develop a simple equivalent circuit model (ECM) that predicts the spectral response of a lumped-element loaded single patterned layer reflective metasurface. The proposed ECM maintains accuracy across varying design…

The growing integration of electric vehicle (EV) fleets into transportation services and energy systems requires accurate modeling of battery discharge and state-of-charge (SoC) evolution to ensure reliable vehicle operation and grid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-03 Praharshitha Aryasomayajula , Ting Bai , Andreas A. Malikopoulos

The grid-connected electric vehicles (EVs) serve as a promising regulating resource in the distribution grid with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) facilities. In the day-ahead stage, electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) need to be precisely dispatched…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-25 Yuanbo Chen , Kedi Zheng , Yuxuan Gu , Jianxiao Wang , Qixin Chen

Effective management and just-in-time maintenance of lithium-ion batteries require the knowledge of unmeasured (internal) variables that need to be estimated. Observers are thus designed for this purpose using a mathematical model of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-20 E. Petri , T. Reynaudo , R. Postoyan , D. Astolfi , D. Nesic , S. Rael

This paper considers one of the most commonly used equivalent circuit models (ECMs) for lithium-ion batteries and investigates the sensitivity of the model output to changes of model parameters using the Morris method. Experiments are…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-02-13 Shi Zhao , David A. Howey

Traditional equivalent circuit models (ECMs) have difficulties in estimating battery internal states due to the lack of relevant physics, such as the lithium diffusion in active particles. Here we configure a circuit network to describe the…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-04-04 Mingzhao Zhuo , Niall Kirkaldy , Tom Maull , Timothy Engstrom , Gregory Offer , Monica Marinescu

This article proposes an offline Energy Management System (EMS) for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Dividing the torque between the Electric Motor (EM) and the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) requires a suitable EMS. Batteries…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-28 Arash Mousaei
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