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We study causal inference in sample selection models where a continuous or multivalued treatment affects both outcome and their observability (eg., employment or survey response). We generalized the widely used Lee (2009)'s bounds for…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-29 Ying-Ying Lee , Chu-An Liu

This paper considers the evaluation of discretely distributed treatments when outcomes are only observed for a subpopulation due to sample selection or outcome attrition. For identification, we combine a selection-on-observables assumption…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-07-16 Michela Bia , Martin Huber , Lukáš Lafférs

During drug development, evidence can emerge to suggest a treatment is more effective in a specific patient subgroup. Whilst early trials may be conducted in biomarker-mixed populations, later trials are more likely to enrol…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-07 Lorna Wheaton , Dan Jackson , Sylwia Bujkiewicz

We propose a new, flexible model for inference of the effect of a binary treatment on a continuous outcome observed over subsequent time periods. The model allows to seperate association due to endogeneity of treatment selection from…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-02 Helga Wagner , Sylvia Frühwirth-Schnatter , Liana Jacobi

We study treatment-effect estimation using panel data. The treatment may be non-binary, non-absorbing, and the outcome may be affected by treatment lags. We make a parallel-trends assumption, and propose event-study estimators of the effect…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-13 Clément de Chaisemartin , Xavier D'Haultfœuille

We consider the estimation of treatment effects in settings when multiple treatments are assigned over time and treatments can have a causal effect on future outcomes or the state of the treated unit. We propose an extension of the…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-06-18 Greg Lewis , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Background: Pairwise and network meta-analyses using fixed effect and random effects models are commonly applied to synthesise evidence from randomised controlled trials. The models differ in their assumptions and the interpretation of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-08-04 Shijie Ren , Jeremy E. Oakley , John W. Stevens

The estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects in the potential outcome setting is biased when there exists model misspecification or unobserved confounding. As these biases are unobservable, what model to use when remains a critical…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-09 Shonosuke Sugasawa , Kosaku Takanashi , Kenichiro McAlinn , Edoardo M. Airoldi

There has been growing attention on how to effectively and objectively use covariate information when the primary goal is to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). In this paper, we propose an…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-09-01 Yuanyao Tan , Xialing Wen , Wei Liang , Ying Yan

We propose a difference-in-differences (DiD) framework with mediation for possibly multivalued discrete or continuous treatments and mediators, aimed at identifying the direct effect of the treatment on the outcome (net of effects operating…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-02 Martin Huber , Sarina Joy Oberhänsli

Evaluating heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) across subgroups is common in both randomized trials and observational studies. Although several statistical challenges of HTE analyses including low statistical power and multiple…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-10 Noorie Hyun , Abisola E. Idu , Andrea J. Cook , Jennifer F. Bobb

In precision medicine, Dynamic Treatment Regimes (DTRs) are treatment protocols that adapt over time in response to a patient's observed characteristics. A DTR is a set of decision functions that takes an individual patient's information as…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-17 Cong Jiang , Michael Wallace , Mary Thompson

In many clinical contexts, estimating effects of treatment in time-to-event data is complicated not only by confounding, censoring, and heterogeneity, but also by the presence of a cured subpopulation in which the event of interest never…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-06 Yuqi Li , Quinn Lanners , Matthew M. Engelhard

Conditional Average Treatment Effect (CATE) estimation in practice demands three properties simultaneously: heterogeneous effects $\tau(x)$, calibrated uncertainty over them, and robustness to the heavy tails that contaminate real outcome…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-01 Eichi Uehara

Missing data is unavoidable in longitudinal clinical trials, and outcomes are not always normally distributed. In the presence of outliers or heavy-tailed distributions, the conventional multiple imputation with the mixed model with…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-22 Siyi Liu , Yilong Zhang , Gregory T Golm , Guanghan , Liu , Shu Yang

Meta-analysis is commonly used to combine results from multiple clinical trials, but traditional meta-analysis methods do not refer explicitly to a population of individuals to whom the results apply and it is not clear how to use their…

Predictive or treatment selection biomarkers are usually evaluated in a subgroup or regression analysis with focus on the treatment-by-marker interaction. Under a potential outcome framework (Huang, Gilbert and Janes [Biometrics 68 (2012)…

Applications · Statistics 2015-02-04 Zhiwei Zhang , Lei Nie , Guoxing Soon , Aiyi Liu

Average treatment effect estimation is the most central problem in causal inference with application to numerous disciplines. While many estimation strategies have been proposed in the literature, the statistical optimality of these methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-10 Jikai Jin , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Instrumental variables (IVs) are widely used for estimating causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding. Under the standard IV model, however, the average treatment effect (ATE) is only partially identifiable. To address this,…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-08 Linbo Wang , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

We study the design of experiments with multiple treatment levels, a setting common in clinical trials and online A/B/n testing. Unlike single-treatment studies, practical analyses of multi-treatment experiments typically first select a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-07 Jiachen Xu , Jian Qian , Zijun Gao