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Obtaining annotations for complex computer vision tasks such as object detection is an expensive and time-intense endeavor involving a large number of human workers or expert opinions. Reducing the amount of annotations required while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Marius Schubert , Tobias Riedlinger , Karsten Kahl , Matthias Rottmann

Current state-of-the-art methods for object detection rely on annotated bounding boxes of large data sets for training. However, obtaining such annotations is expensive and can require up to hundreds of hours of manual labor. This poses a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Hannah Kniesel , Leon Sick , Tristan Payer , Tim Bergner , Kavitha Shaga Devan , Clarissa Read , Paul Walther , Timo Ropinski

Data annotation is crucial for developing machine learning solutions. The current paradigm is to hire ordinary human annotators to annotate data instructed by expert-crafted guidelines. As this paradigm is laborious, tedious, and costly, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yechi Ma , Wei Hua , Shu Kong

Roadside perception datasets are typically constructed via cooperative labeling between synchronized vehicle and roadside frame pairs. However, real deployment often requires annotation of roadside-only data due to hardware and privacy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Ruiyu Mao , Baoming Zhang , Nicholas Ruozzi , Yunhui Guo

3D object detectors are fundamental components of perception systems in autonomous vehicles. While these detectors achieve remarkable performance on standard autonomous driving benchmarks, they often struggle to generalize across different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Bartłomiej Olber , Jakub Winter , Paweł Wawrzyński , Andrii Gamalii , Daniel Górniak , Marcin Łojek , Robert Nowak , Krystian Radlak

Numerous advancements in deep learning can be attributed to the access to large-scale and well-annotated datasets. However, such a dataset is prohibitively expensive in 3D computer vision due to the substantial collection cost. To alleviate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Xinke Li , Henghui Ding , Zekun Tong , Yuwei Wu , Yeow Meng Chee

Many existing methods for 3D cuboid annotation of vehicles rely on expensive and carefully calibrated camera-LiDAR or stereo setups, limiting their accessibility for large-scale data collection. We introduce ToosiCubix, a simple yet…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Behrooz Nasihatkon , Hossein Resani , Amirreza Mehrzadian

Training deep object detectors demands expensive bounding box annotation. Active learning (AL) is a promising technique to alleviate the annotation burden. Performing AL at box-level for object detection, i.e., selecting the most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jingyi Liao , Xun Xu , Chuan-Sheng Foo , Lile Cai

Accurate prediction of 3D semantic occupancy from 2D visual images is vital in enabling autonomous agents to comprehend their surroundings for planning and navigation. State-of-the-art methods typically employ fully supervised approaches,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Duc-Hai Pham , Duc-Dung Nguyen , Anh Pham , Tuan Ho , Phong Nguyen , Khoi Nguyen , Rang Nguyen

The annotation of 3D datasets is required for semantic-segmentation and object detection in scene understanding. In this paper we present a framework for the weakly supervision of a point clouds transformer that is used for 3D object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Zuojin Tang , Bo Sun , Tongwei Ma , Daosheng Li , Zhenhui Xu

Annotating 3D data remains a costly bottleneck for 3D object detection, motivating the development of weakly supervised annotation methods that rely on more accessible 2D box annotations. However, relying solely on 2D boxes introduces…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Saad Lahlali , Alexandre Fournier Montgieux , Nicolas Granger , Hervé Le Borgne , Quoc Cuong Pham

Monocular 3D object detection is an essential task in computer vision, and it has several applications in robotics and virtual reality. However, 3D object detectors are typically trained in a fully supervised way, relying extensively on 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Andreas Lau Hansen , Lukas Wanzeck , Dim P. Papadopoulos

Given multiple datasets with different label spaces, the goal of this work is to train a single object detector predicting over the union of all the label spaces. The practical benefits of such an object detector are obvious and significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Xiangyun Zhao , Samuel Schulter , Gaurav Sharma , Yi-Hsuan Tsai , Manmohan Chandraker , Ying Wu

Accurate 3D object detection in LiDAR point clouds is crucial for autonomous driving systems. To achieve state-of-the-art performance, the supervised training of detectors requires large amounts of human-annotated data, which is expensive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Christian Fruhwirth-Reisinger , Wei Lin , Dušan Malić , Horst Bischof , Horst Possegger

3D object detection is an important yet demanding task that heavily relies on difficult to obtain 3D annotations. To reduce the required amount of supervision, we propose 3DIoUMatch, a novel semi-supervised method for 3D object detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-07 He Wang , Yezhen Cong , Or Litany , Yue Gao , Leonidas J. Guibas

3D automatic annotation has received increased attention since manually annotating 3D point clouds is laborious. However, existing methods are usually complicated, e.g., pipelined training for 3D foreground/background segmentation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Xiaoyan Qian , Chang Liu , Xiaojuan Qi , Siew-Chong Tan , Edmund Lam , Ngai Wong

Monocular 3D object detection (M3OD) has long faced challenges due to data scarcity caused by high annotation costs and inherent 2D-to-3D ambiguity. Although various weakly supervised methods and pseudo-labeling methods have been proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Seokyeong Lee , Sithu Aung , Junyong Choi , Seungryong Kim , Ig-Jae Kim , Junghyun Cho

In this paper, we present a simple yet effective semi-supervised 3D object detector named DDS3D. Our main contributions have two-fold. On the one hand, different from previous works using Non-Maximal Suppression (NMS) or its variants for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Jingyu Li , Zhe Liu , Jinghua Hou , Dingkang Liang

3D object Detection with LiDAR-camera encounters overfitting in algorithm development which is derived from the violation of some fundamental rules. We refer to the data annotation in dataset construction for theory complementing and argue…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Junjie Huang , Yun Ye , Zhujin Liang , Yi Shan , Dalong Du

State-of-the-art learning based boundary detection methods require extensive training data. Since labelling object boundaries is one of the most expensive types of annotations, there is a need to relax the requirement to carefully annotate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-11-25 Anna Khoreva , Rodrigo Benenson , Mohamed Omran , Matthias Hein , Bernt Schiele