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Federated optimization is a constrained form of distributed optimization that enables training a global model without directly sharing client data. Although existing algorithms can guarantee convergence in theory and often achieve stable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zhongxiang Lei , Qi Yang , Ping Qiu , Gang Zhang , Yuanchi Ma , Jinyan Liu

In the context of Federated Learning with heterogeneous data environments, local models tend to converge to their own local model optima during local training steps, deviating from the overall data distributions. Aggregation of these local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Mortesa Hussaini , Jan Theiß , Anthony Stein

Since federated learning (FL) has been introduced as a decentralized learning technique with privacy preservation, statistical heterogeneity of distributed data stays the main obstacle to achieve robust performance and stable convergence in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Yanhang Shi , Siguang Chen , Haijun Zhang

In federated learning (FL), data heterogeneity is one key bottleneck that causes model divergence and limits performance. Addressing this, existing methods often regard data heterogeneity as an inherent property and propose to mitigate its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Rui Ye , Yaxin Du , Zhenyang Ni , Siheng Chen , Yanfeng Wang

For federated learning (FL) algorithms such as FedSAM, their generalization capability is crucial for real-word applications. In this paper, we revisit the generalization problem in FL and investigate the impact of data heterogeneity on FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Liu junkang , Yuanyuan Liu , Fanhua Shang , Hongying Liu , Jin Liu , Wei Feng

Asynchronous stochastic gradient descent (SGD) enables scalable distributed training but suffers from gradient staleness. Existing mitigation strategies, such as delay-adaptive learning rates and staleness-aware filtering, typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Tehila Dahan , Roie Reshef , Sharon Goldstein , Kfir Y. Levy

Federated learning (FL) has received a surge of interest in recent years thanks to its benefits in data privacy protection, efficient communication, and parallel data processing. Also, with appropriate algorithmic designs, one could achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Xin Zhang , Minghong Fang , Zhuqing Liu , Haibo Yang , Jia Liu , Zhengyuan Zhu

Federated learning (FL) has provided a new methodology for coordinating a group of clients to train a machine learning model collaboratively, bringing an efficient paradigm in edge intelligence. Despite its promise, FL faces several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Ziruo Hao , Zhenhua Cui , Tao Yang , Bo Hu , Xiaofeng Wu , Hui Feng

Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across distributed clients without sharing raw data, yet its stability is fundamentally challenged by statistical heterogeneity in realistic deployments. Here, we show that client…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Ping Luo , Jiahuan Wang , Ziqing Wen , Tao Sun , Dongsheng Li

In federated learning, data heterogeneity is a critical challenge. A straightforward solution is to shuffle the clients' data to homogenize the distribution. However, this may violate data access rights, and how and when shuffling can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Bo Li , Yasin Esfandiari , Mikkel N. Schmidt , Tommy S. Alstrøm , Sebastian U. Stich

Federated Learning (FL) can be affected by data and device heterogeneities, caused by clients' different local data distributions and latencies in uploading model updates (i.e., staleness). Traditional schemes consider these heterogeneities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Haoming Wang , Wei Gao

In federated learning, communication cost is often a critical bottleneck to scale up distributed optimization algorithms to collaboratively learn a model from millions of devices with potentially unreliable or limited communication and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Farzin Haddadpour , Mohammad Mahdi Kamani , Aryan Mokhtari , Mehrdad Mahdavi

Learning from distributed data without accessing them is undoubtedly a challenging and non-trivial task. Nevertheless, the necessity for distributed training of a statistical model has been increasing, due to the privacy concerns of local…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-08-02 Seok-Ju Hahn

Federated learning (FL) aims to train machine learning models in the decentralized system consisting of an enormous amount of smart edge devices. Federated averaging (FedAvg), the fundamental algorithm in FL settings, proposes on-device…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Xin Yao , Tianchi Huang , Rui-Xiao Zhang , Ruiyu Li , Lifeng Sun

We provide the first convergence analysis of local gradient descent for minimizing the average of smooth and convex but otherwise arbitrary functions. Problems of this form and local gradient descent as a solution method are of importance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-19 Ahmed Khaled , Konstantin Mishchenko , Peter Richtárik

Local Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) with periodic model averaging (FedAvg) is a foundational algorithm in Federated Learning. The algorithm independently runs SGD on multiple workers and periodically averages the model across all the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Sunwoo Lee , Anit Kumar Sahu , Chaoyang He , Salman Avestimehr

Federated learning (FL), as a collaborative distributed training paradigm with several edge computing devices under the coordination of a centralized server, is plagued by inconsistent local stationary points due to the heterogeneity of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-14 Yixing Liu , Yan Sun , Zhengtao Ding , Li Shen , Bo Liu , Dacheng Tao

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed collaborative learning method, where multiple clients learn together by sharing gradient updates instead of raw data. However, it is well-known that FL is vulnerable to manipulated updates from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Dimitar Chakarov , Nikita Tsoy , Kristian Minchev , Nikola Konstantinov

Federated Learning (FL) enables large-scale distributed training of machine learning models, while still allowing individual nodes to maintain data locally. However, executing FL at scale comes with inherent practical challenges: 1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Hossein Zakerinia , Shayan Talaei , Giorgi Nadiradze , Dan Alistarh

Federated learning is an efficient machine learning tool for dealing with heterogeneous big data and privacy protection. Federated learning methods with regularization can control the level of communications between the central and local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Langming Liu , Dingxuan Zhou