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This paper proposes a multi-object tracking (MOT) algorithm for traffic monitoring using a drone equipped with optical and thermal cameras. Object detections on the images are obtained using a neural network for each type of camera. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Jimin Xiao

The histogram-probabilistic multi-hypothesis tracker (H-PMHT) is a parametric approach to solving the multi-target track-before-detect (TBD) problem, using expectation maximisation (EM). A key limitation of this method is the assumption of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-12 Lukas Herrmann , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Edmund F. Brekke

Accurate 3D multi-object tracking (MOT) is crucial for autonomous driving, as it enables robust perception, navigation, and planning in complex environments. While deep learning-based solutions have demonstrated impressive 3D MOT…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Guanhua Ding , Yuxuan Xia , Runwei Guan , Qinchen Wu , Tao Huang , Weiping Ding , Jinping Sun , Guoqiang Mao

Particle probability hypothesis density filtering has become a promising means for multi-target tracking due to its capability of handling an unknown and time-varying number of targets in non-linear non-Gaussian system. However, its…

Computation · Statistics 2015-03-13 Wang Junjie , Zhao Lingling , Su Xiaohong , Ma Peijun

The ability of an autonomous vehicle to perform 3D tracking is essential for safe planing and navigation in cluttered environments. The main challenges for multi-object tracking (MOT) in autonomous driving applications reside in the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Su Pang , Hayder Radha

The Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) and Cardinalized PHD (CPHD) filters are popular solutions to the multi-target tracking problem due to their low complexity and ability to estimate the number and states of targets in cluttered…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-14 Isabel Schlangen , Emmanuel D. Delande , Jeremie Houssineau , Daniel E. Clark

Despite their theoretical advantages, track-before-detect (TBD) methods remain largely absent from real-world multi-target tracking applications due to their computational complexity and limited scalability. This paper presents a scalable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-25 Lukas Herrmann , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Edmund F. Brekke , Egil Eide

The Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) is a multi-target distribution for which the prediction and update are closed. By applying the random finite set (RFS) framework to multi-target tracking with sets of trajectories as the variable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-21 Yuxuan Xia , Karl Granström , Lennart Svensson , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Jason L. Williams

In this paper, we derive the robust TPHD (R-TPHD) filter, which can adaptively learn the unknown detection profile history and clutter rate. The R-TPHD filter is derived by obtaining the best Poisson posterior density approximation over…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-09 Shaoxiu Wei , Boxiang Zhang , Wei Yi

The probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter alleviates the computational expense of the optimal Bayesian multi-target filtering by approximating the intensity function of the random finite set (RFS) of targets in time. However, as a…

Applications · Statistics 2015-06-09 Meysam R. Danaee

Hybrid Monte-Carlo (HMC) sampling smoother is a fully non-Gaussian four-dimensional data assimilation algorithm that works by directly sampling the posterior distribution formulated in the Bayesian framework. The smoother in its original…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2016-12-21 Ahmed Attia , Razvan Stefanescu , Adrian Sandu

This paper proposes a smooth-trajectory estimator for the labelled multi-Bernoulli (LMB) filter by exploiting the special structure of the generalised labelled multi-Bernoulli (GLMB) filter. We devise a simple and intuitive approach to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Hoa Van Nguyen , Tran Thien Dat Nguyen , Changbeom Shim , Marzhar Anuar

This paper addresses the mapping problem. Using a conjugate prior form, we derive the exact theoretical batch multi-object posterior density of the map given a set of measurements. The landmarks in the map are modeled as extended objects,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-09 Maryam Fatemi , Karl Granström , Lennart Svensson , Francisco J. R. Ruiz , Lars Hammarstrand

In radar systems, tracking targets in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments is a very important task. There are some algorithms designed for multitarget tracking. Their performances, however, are not satisfactory in low SNR…

Applications · Statistics 2015-05-30 Huisi Tong , Hao Zhang , Huadong Meng , Xiqin Wang

Bayesian methods are appealing in their flexibility in modeling complex data and ability in capturing uncertainty in parameters. However, when Bayes' rule does not result in tractable closed-form, most approximate inference algorithms lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-09 Bo Dai , Niao He , Hanjun Dai , Le Song

This paper considers a batch solution to the multi-object tracking problem based on sets of trajectories. Specifically, we present two offline implementations of the trajectory Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (TPMBM) filter for batch data…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-25 Yuxuan Xia , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Lennart Svensson

Smoothing in state-space models amounts to computing the conditional distribution of the latent state trajectory, given observations, or expectations of functionals of the state trajectory with respect to this distributions. For models that…

Computation · Statistics 2010-11-10 Jimmy Olsson , Tobias Rydén

We present a modelling framework for multi-target tracking based on possibility theory and illustrate its ability to account for the general lack of knowledge that the target-tracking practitioner must deal with when working with real data.…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-10 Jeremie Houssineau

Multi-target tracking (MTT) serves as a cornerstone technology in information fusion, yet faces significant challenges in robustness and efficiency when dealing with model uncertainties, clutter interference, and target interactions.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-21 Ming Lei , Shufan Wu

Particle smoothing enables state estimation in nonlinear and non-Gaussian state-space models, but its practical use is often limited by high computational cost. Backward smoothing methods such as the Forward Filter Backward Smoother (FFBS)…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-17 Genshiro Kitagawa