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Mahler's PHD (Probability Hypothesis Density) filter and its particle implementation (as called the particle PHD filter) have gained popularity to solve general MTT (Multi-target Tracking) problems. However, the resampling procedure used in…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Tiancheng Li , Tariq P. Sattar , Qing Han , Shudong Sun

The probability hypothesis density (PHD) and multi-target multi-Bernoulli (MeMBer) filters are two leading algorithms that have emerged from random finite sets (RFS). In this paper we study a method which combines these two approaches. Our…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Jason L. Williams

A variety of filters with track-before-detect (TBD) strategies have been developed and applied to low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scenarios, including the probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter. Assumptions of the standard point…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Haiyi Mao , Cong Peng , Yue Liu , Jinping Tang , Hua Peng , Wei Yi

This paper considers multiple extended object tracking based on Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) filtering, which gives the closed-form Bayesian solution for standard multiple extended object models with Poisson birth. To efficiently…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-28 Yuxuan Xia , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Lennart Svensson

Most multi-target tracking filters assume that one target and its observation follow a Hidden Markov Chain (HMC) model, but the implicit independence assumption of HMC model is invalid in many practical applications, and a Pairwise Markov…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-11-30 Jiangyi Liu , Chunping Wang , Wei Wang

This paper is a sequel of the 2019 paper [5]. It demonstrates the following: a) the Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) approach to detected vs. undetected (U/D) targets cannot be rigorously formulated using either the two-step or…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-22 Ronald Mahler

PHD filtering is a common and effective multiple object tracking (MOT) algorithm used in scenarios where the number of objects and their states are unknown. In scenarios where each object can generate multiple measurements per scan, some…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Jakob Sjudin , Martin Marcusson , Lennart Svensson , Lars Hammarstrand

We provide a derivation of the Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) filter for multi-target tracking with the standard point target measurements without using probability generating functionals or functional derivatives. We also establish…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-09-14 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Jason L. Williams , Karl Granström , Lennart Svensson

For challenging state estimation problems arising in domains like vision and robotics, particle-based representations attractively enable temporal reasoning about multiple posterior modes. Particle smoothers offer the potential for more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Ali Younis , Erik B. Sudderth

The Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter, which is used for multi-target tracking based on sensor measurements, relies on the propagation of the first-order moment, or intensity function, of a point process. This algorithm assumes…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-12-11 Nicolas Privault , Timothy Teoh

This paper uses multi-object tracking methods known from the radar tracking community to address the problem of pedestrian tracking using 2D bounding box detections. The standard point-object (SPO) model is adopted, and the posterior…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-29 Jan Krejčí , Oliver Kost , Yuxuan Xia , Lennart Svensson , Ondřej Straka

Compared to the probability hypothesis density (PHD) and cardinalized PHD (CPHD) filters, the trajectory PHD (TPHD) and trajectory CPHD (TCPHD) filters are for sets of trajectories, and thus are able to produce trajectory estimates with…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-09 Shaoxiu Wei , Boxiang Zhang , Wei Yi

This paper shows that the Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) density is a multi-target conjugate prior for general target-generated measurement distributions and arbitrary clutter distributions. That is, for this multi-target…

Applications · Statistics 2023-05-25 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Yuxuan Xia , Lennart Svensson

When tracking a large number of targets, it is often computationally expensive to represent the full joint distribution over target states. In cases where the targets move independently, each target can instead be tracked with a separate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Hedvig Sidenbladh

Passive multi-target tracking applications require the integration of multiple spatially distributed sensor measurements to distinguish true tracks from ghost tracks. A popular multi-target tracking approach for these applications is the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-11 Christopher Berry , Donald J. Bucci , Samuel W. Schmidt

Multi-target tracking is an important problem in civilian and military applications. This paper investigates multi-target tracking in distributed sensor networks. Data association, which arises particularly in multi-object scenarios, can be…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Mark R. Leonard , Abdelhak M. Zoubir

This paper focuses on the joint multi-object tracking (MOT) and the estimate of detection probability with the \emph{Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture} (PMBM) filter. In a majority of multi-object scenarios, the knowledge of detection…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-09-24 Guchong Li

We propose a scalable track-before-detect (TBD) tracking method based on a Poisson/multi-Bernoulli model. To limit computational complexity, we approximate the exact multi-Bernoulli mixture posterior probability density function (pdf) by a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-06 Thomas Kropfreiter , Jason L. Williams , Florian Meyer

In many multiobject tracking applications, including radar and sonar tracking, after prefiltering the received signal, measurement data is typically structured in cells. The cells, e.g., represent different range and bearing values.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-04 Thomas Kropfreiter , Jason L. Williams , Florian Meyer

This paper presents an efficient implementation of the extended object Poisson multi-Bernoulli (PMB) filter under the zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) object measurement model using particle belief propagation (BP). The ZIP measurement model…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Yuxuan Xia , Xueqi Qiu , Hyowon Kim , Chaoqun Yang