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Constructed-response questions are crucial to encourage generative processing and test a learner's understanding of core concepts. However, the limited availability of instructor time, large class sizes, and other resource constraints pose…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Shyam Agarwal , Ali Moghimi , Kevin C. Haudek

Feedback is a critical component of the learning process, particularly in computer science education. This study investigates the quality of feedback generated by Large Language Models (LLMs), Small Language Models (SLMs), compared with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Suqing Liu , Bogdan Simion , Christopher Eaton , Michael Liut

This study underscores the pivotal role of syntax feedback in augmenting the syntactic proficiency of students. Recognizing the challenges faced by learners in mastering syntactic nuances, we introduce a specialized dataset named…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Kamyar Zeinalipour , Mehak Mehak , Fatemeh Parsamotamed , Marco Maggini , Marco Gori

Interactive feedback, where feedback flows in both directions between teacher and student, is more effective than traditional one-way feedback. However, it is often too time-consuming for widespread use in educational practice. While Large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Shengxin Hong , Chang Cai , Sixuan Du , Haiyue Feng , Siyuan Liu , Xiuyi Fan

Evaluating student responses, from long essays to short factual answers, is a key challenge in educational NLP. Automated Essay Scoring (AES) focuses on holistic writing qualities such as coherence and argumentation, while Automatic Short…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tasfia Seuti , Sagnik Ray Choudhury

This study investigates the use of generative AI and multi-agent systems to provide automatic feedback in educational contexts, particularly for student constructed responses in science assessments. The research addresses a key gap in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Shuchen Guo , Ehsan Latif , Yifan Zhou , Xuan Huang , Xiaoming Zhai

Using LLMs to give educational feedback to students for their assignments has attracted much attention in the AI in Education field. Yet, there is currently no large-scale open-source dataset of student assignments that includes detailed…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Keyang Qian , Kaixun Yang , Wei Dai , Flora Jin , Yixin Cheng , Rui Guan , Sadia Nawaz , Zachari Swiecki , Guanliang Chen , Lixiang Yan , Dragan Gašević

The rapid growth of programming education has outpaced traditional assessment tools, leaving faculty with limited means to provide meaningful, scalable feedback. Conventional autograders, while efficient, act as black-box systems that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Vikrant Sahu , Gagan Raj Gupta , Raghav Borikar , Nitin Mane

The effectiveness of feedback in enhancing learning outcomes is well documented within Educational Data Mining (EDM). Various prior research has explored methodologies to enhance the effectiveness of feedback. Recent developments in Large…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Sami Baral , Eamon Worden , Wen-Chiang Lim , Zhuang Luo , Christopher Santorelli , Ashish Gurung , Neil Heffernan

Providing high-quality feedback on student assignments is crucial for student success, but it is heavily limited by time and budgetary constraints. In this work, we introduce Synthetic Educational Feedback Loops (SEFL), a synthetic data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Mike Zhang , Amalie Pernille Dilling , Léon Gondelman , Niels Erik Ruan Lyngdorf , Euan D. Lindsay , Johannes Bjerva

High-quality computer science education is limited by the difficulty of providing instructor feedback to students at scale. While this feedback could in principle be automated, supervised approaches to predicting the correct feedback are…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Mike Wu , Noah Goodman , Chris Piech , Chelsea Finn

We conducted a systematic literature review on automated grading and feedback tools for programming education. We analysed 121 research papers from 2017 to 2021 inclusive and categorised them based on skills assessed, approach, language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Marcus Messer , Neil C. C. Brown , Michael Kölling , Miaojing Shi

The use of automatic short answer grading (ASAG) models may help alleviate the time burden of grading while encouraging educators to frequently incorporate open-ended items in their curriculum. However, current state-of-the-art ASAG models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Aubrey Condor , Zachary Pardos

Automatic grading and feedback have been long studied using traditional machine learning and deep learning techniques using language models. With the recent accessibility to high performing large language models (LLMs) like LLaMA-2, there…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Gloria Ashiya Katuka , Alexander Gain , Yen-Yun Yu

Automated short answer scoring (ASAS) is shifting from discriminative, fine-tuned models to large language models (LLMs) used in few-shot settings. This paradigm leverages LLMs broad world knowledge and ease of deployment, but limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Abigail Victoria Gurin Schleifer , Moriah Ariely , Beata Beigman Klebanov , Asaf Salman , Giora Alexandron

Short answer scoring (SAS) is the task of grading short text written by a learner. In recent years, deep-learning-based approaches have substantially improved the performance of SAS models, but how to guarantee high-quality predictions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Hiroaki Funayama , Tasuku Sato , Yuichiroh Matsubayashi , Tomoya Mizumoto , Jun Suzuki , Kentaro Inui

Providing timely and individualised feedback on handwritten student work is highly beneficial for learning but difficult to achieve at scale. This challenge has become more pressing as generative AI undermines the reliability of take-home…

Despite growing interest in using LLMs to generate feedback on students' writing, little is known about how students respond to AI-mediated versus human-provided feedback. We address this gap through a randomized controlled trial in a large…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xinyi Lu , Kexin Phyllis Ju , Mitchell Dudley , Larissa Sano , Xu Wang

Effective and timely feedback in educational assessments is essential but labor-intensive, especially for complex tasks. Recent developments in automated feedback systems, ranging from deterministic response grading to the evaluation of…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-08-22 Tianyi Liu , Julia Chatain , Laura Kobel-Keller , Gerd Kortemeyer , Thomas Willwacher , Mrinmaya Sachan

Training automatic summary fact verifiers often faces the challenge of a lack of human-labeled data. In this paper, we explore alternative way of leveraging Large Language Model (LLM) generated feedback to address the inherent limitation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Jihwan Oh , Jeonghwan Choi , Nicole Hee-Yeon Kim , Taewon Yun , Hwanjun Song