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The open-endedness of large language models (LLMs) combined with their impressive capabilities may lead to new safety issues when being exploited for malicious use. While recent studies primarily focus on probing toxic outputs that can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Jiaxin Wen , Pei Ke , Hao Sun , Zhexin Zhang , Chengfei Li , Jinfeng Bai , Minlie Huang

The latest large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, exhibit strong capabilities in automated mental health analysis. However, existing relevant studies bear several limitations, including inadequate evaluations, lack of prompting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Kailai Yang , Shaoxiong Ji , Tianlin Zhang , Qianqian Xie , Ziyan Kuang , Sophia Ananiadou

The increasing demand for customized Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to the development of solutions like GPTs. These solutions facilitate tailored LLM creation via natural language prompts without coding. However, the trustworthiness…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Rui Zhang , Hongwei Li , Rui Wen , Wenbo Jiang , Yuan Zhang , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

This paper studies the integration off Large Language Models into cybersecurity tools and protocols. The main issue discussed in this paper is how traditional rule-based and signature based security systems are not enough to deal with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Raunak Somani , Aswani Kumar Cherukuri

The increasing reliance on large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT in various fields emphasizes the importance of ``prompt engineering,'' a technology to improve the quality of model outputs. With companies investing significantly in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Zeyang Sha , Yang Zhang

We present a novel framework addressing a critical vulnerability in Large Language Models (LLMs): the prevalence of factual inaccuracies within intermediate reasoning steps despite correct final answers. This phenomenon poses substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Rui Jiao , Yue Zhang , Jinku Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly employed as evaluators (LLM-as-a-Judge) for assessing the quality of machine-generated text. This paradigm offers scalability and cost-effectiveness compared to human annotation. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Narek Maloyan , Bislan Ashinov , Dmitry Namiot

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in question-answering (QA) tasks, their real reasoning abilities on multiple evidence retrieval and integration on Multi-hop QA tasks remain less explored. Firstly, LLMs sometimes generate answers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Jian Wu , Linyi Yang , Zhen Wang , Manabu Okumura , Yue Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly equipped with capabilities of real-time web search and integrated with protocols like Model Context Protocol (MCP). This extension could introduce new security vulnerabilities. We present a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Junjie Xiong , Changjia Zhu , Shuhang Lin , Chong Zhang , Yongfeng Zhang , Yao Liu , Lingyao Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are changing the way people interact with technology. Tools like ChatGPT and Claude AI are now common in business, research, and everyday life. But with that growth comes new risks, especially prompt-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Austin Howard

As the representation capability of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) improve, there is growing concern that they will inherit social biases from unprocessed corpora. Most previous debiasing techniques used Counterfactual Data Augmentation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Yingji Li , Mengnan Du , Xin Wang , Ying Wang

As the integration of the Large Language Models (LLMs) into various applications increases, so does their susceptibility to misuse, raising significant security concerns. Numerous jailbreak attacks have been proposed to assess the security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Bijoy Ahmed Saiem , MD Sadik Hossain Shanto , Rakib Ahsan , Md Rafi ur Rashid

This study explores the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to evaluate causality in causal graphs generated by conventional statistical causal discovery methods-a task traditionally reliant on manual assessment by human subject…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Yuni Susanti , Nina Holsmoelle

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining traction as a method to generate consensus statements and aggregate preferences in digital democracy experiments. Yet, LLMs could introduce critical vulnerabilities in these systems. Here, we examine…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jairo Gudiño-Rosero , Clément Contet , Umberto Grandi , César A. Hidalgo

As the popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) grow, combining model safety with utility becomes increasingly important. The challenge is making sure that LLMs can recognize and decline dangerous prompts without sacrificing their ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Ruchira Ray , Ruchi Bhalani

Jailbreak attacks represent one of the most sophisticated threats to the security of large language models (LLMs). To deal with such risks, we introduce an innovative framework that can help evaluate the effectiveness of jailbreak attacks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Dong Shu , Chong Zhang , Mingyu Jin , Zihao Zhou , Lingyao Li , Yongfeng Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming a prominent generative AI tool, where the user enters a query and the LLM generates an answer. To reduce harm and misuse, efforts have been made to align these LLMs to human values using advanced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Xiaomeng Hu , Pin-Yu Chen , Tsung-Yi Ho

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being integrated into various applications. The functionalities of recent LLMs can be flexibly modulated via natural language prompts. This renders them susceptible to targeted adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Kai Greshake , Sahar Abdelnabi , Shailesh Mishra , Christoph Endres , Thorsten Holz , Mario Fritz

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite their impressive capabilities across domains, have been shown to be vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Prior backdoor strategies predominantly operate at the token level, where an injected trigger causes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Vu Tuan Truong , Long Bao Le

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled the creation of fake news, particularly in complex fields like healthcare. Studies highlight the gap in the deceptive power of LLM-generated fake news with and without human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Yanshen Sun , Jianfeng He , Limeng Cui , Shuo Lei , Chang-Tien Lu