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Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance on many different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Prompt engineering plays a key role in adding more to the already existing abilities of LLMs to achieve significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shubham Vatsal , Harsh Dubey

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional proficiency in instruction-following, becoming increasingly crucial across various applications. However, this capability brings with it the risk of prompt injection attacks, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Zekun Li , Baolin Peng , Pengcheng He , Xifeng Yan

Large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that add malicious tokens to an input prompt to bypass the safety guardrails of an LLM and cause it to produce harmful content. In this work, we introduce erase-and-check,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Aounon Kumar , Chirag Agarwal , Suraj Srinivas , Aaron Jiaxun Li , Soheil Feizi , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Previous insertion-based and paraphrase-based backdoors have achieved great success in attack efficacy, but they ignore the text quality and semantic consistency between poisoned and clean texts. Although recent studies introduce LLMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Zhengxian Wu , Juan Wen , Wanli Peng , Ziwei Zhang , Yinghan Zhou , Yiming Xue

Although safely enhanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in tackling various complex tasks in a zero-shot manner, they remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks, particularly the unknown jailbreak attack. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Fan Liu , Zhao Xu , Hao Liu

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak prompts that elicit harmful or policy-violating outputs, while many existing defenses rely on expensive fine-tuning, intrusive prompt rewriting, or external guardrails that add…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Weiming Song , Xuan Xie , Ruiping Yin

Large language models (LLMs) have become indispensable for automated code generation, yet the quality and security of their outputs remain a critical concern. Existing studies predominantly concentrate on adversarial attacks or inherent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Bin Wang , YiLu Zhong , MiDi Wan , WenJie Yu , YuanBing Ouyang , Yenan Huang , Hui Li

Large language models (LLMs) are now routinely used to autonomously execute complex tasks, from natural language processing to dynamic workflows like web searches. The usage of tool-calling and Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) allows…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Dennis Rall , Bernhard Bauer , Mohit Mittal , Thomas Fraunholz

Despite careful safety alignment, current large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to various attacks. To further unveil the safety risks of LLMs, we introduce a Safety Concept Activation Vector (SCAV) framework, which effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Zhihao Xu , Ruixuan Huang , Changyu Chen , Xiting Wang

Large Language Model (LLM) applications are vulnerable to prompt injection and context manipulation attacks that traditional security models cannot prevent. We introduce two novel primitives--authenticated prompts and authenticated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Mohan Rajagopalan , Vinay Rao

Safety alignment mechanisms in Large Language Models (LLMs) often operate as latent internal states, obscuring the model's inherent capabilities. Building on this observation, we model the safety mechanism as an unobserved confounder from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Yao Zhou , Zeen Song , Wenwen Qiang , Fengge Wu , Shuyi Zhou , Changwen Zheng , Hui Xiong

Embodied intelligence empowers agents with a profound sense of perception, enabling them to respond in a manner closely aligned with real-world situations. Large Language Models (LLMs) delve into language instructions with depth, serving a…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Shuyuan Liu , Jiawei Chen , Shouwei Ruan , Hang Su , Zhaoxia Yin

As Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve increasingly sophisticated performance on complex reasoning tasks, current architectures serve as critical proxies for the internal heuristics of frontier models. Characterizing emergent reasoning is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Rohan Pandey , Eric Ye , Michael Li

As large language models (LLMs) become integrated into various sensitive applications, prompt injection, the use of prompting to induce harmful behaviors from LLMs, poses an ever increasing risk. Prompt injection attacks can cause LLMs to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Isaac Wu , Michael Maslowski

We surface a new threat to closed-weight Large Language Models (LLMs) that enables an attacker to compute optimization-based prompt injections. Specifically, we characterize how an attacker can leverage the loss-like information returned…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Andrey Labunets , Nishit V. Pandya , Ashish Hooda , Xiaohan Fu , Earlence Fernandes

Large language models remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, yet we still lack a systematic understanding of how jailbreak success scales with attacker effort across methods, model families, and harm types. We initiate a scaling-law…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Xiangwen Wang , Ananth Balashankar , Varun Chandrasekaran

This paper introduces a novel self-consciousness defense mechanism for Large Language Models (LLMs) to combat prompt injection attacks. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on external classifiers, our method leverages the LLM's inherent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Boshi Huang , Fabio Nonato de Paula

Large language model-powered sequential recommender systems (LLM-SRSs) have recently demonstrated remarkable performance, enabling recommendations through prompt-driven inference over user interaction sequences. However, this paradigm also…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yuchuan Zhao , Tong Chen , Junliang Yu , Zongwei Wang , Lizhen Cui , Hongzhi Yin

Large pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) like CLIP, despite having remarkable generalization ability, are highly vulnerable to adversarial examples. This work studies the adversarial robustness of VLMs from the novel perspective of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Lin Li , Haoyan Guan , Jianing Qiu , Michael Spratling

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) highlight their fluency in generating responses to diverse prompts. However, these models sometimes generate plausible yet incorrect ``hallucinated" facts, undermining trust. A frequent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jung-Woo Shim , Yeong-Joon Ju , Ji-Hoon Park , Seong-Whan Lee
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