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Performance uncertainty quantification is essential for reliable validation and eventual clinical translation of medical imaging artificial intelligence (AI). Confidence intervals (CIs) play a central role in this process by indicating how…

As machine learning (ML)-based decision support tools proliferate in clinical practice, understanding how clinicians integrate personalized ML predictions alongside randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence is critical. We designed a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zeshan Hussain , Barbara D. Lam , Fernando A. Acosta-Perez , Irbaz Bin Riaz , Maia Jacobs , Andrew J. Yee , David Sontag

Large language models (LLMs) have shown considerable potential in supporting medical diagnosis. However, their effective integration into clinical workflows is hindered by physicians' difficulties in perceiving and trusting LLM…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Yuansong Xu , Yichao Zhu , Haokai Wang , Yuchen Wu , Yang Ouyang , Hanlu Li , Wenzhe Zhou , Xinyu Liu , Chang Jiang , Quan Li

Purpose of review: Artificial intelligence (AI) has become popular in medical applications, specifically as a clinical support tool for computer-aided diagnosis. These tools are typically employed on medical data (i.e., image, molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Ahmad Chaddad , Yousef Katib , Lama Hassan

The transformative potential of AI presents remarkable opportunities, but also significant risks, underscoring the importance of responsible AI development and deployment. Despite a growing emphasis on this area, there is limited…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Nur Ahmed , Amit Das , Kirsten Martin , Kawshik Banerjee

Machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI) and other modern statistical methods are providing new opportunities to operationalize previously untapped and rapidly growing sources of data for patient benefit. Whilst there is a lot of…

Clinical decision making (CDM) is a complex, dynamic process crucial to healthcare delivery, yet it remains a significant challenge for artificial intelligence systems. While Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have been tested on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jie Liu , Wenxuan Wang , Zizhan Ma , Guolin Huang , Yihang SU , Kao-Jung Chang , Wenting Chen , Haoliang Li , Linlin Shen , Michael Lyu

Artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is a potentially revolutionary tool to achieve improved healthcare outcomes while reducing overall health costs. While many exploratory results hit the headlines in recent years there are only few…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Vince I. Madai , David C. Higgins

Artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to revolutionize the practice of medicine. Recent advancements in the field of deep learning have demonstrated success in a variety of clinical tasks: detecting diabetic retinopathy from images,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Joshua Hatherley

Advances in computing power, deep learning architectures, and expert labelled datasets have spurred the development of medical imaging artificial intelligence systems that rival clinical experts in a variety of scenarios. The National…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-18 Rohan Shad , John P. Cunningham , Euan A. Ashley , Curtis P. Langlotz , William Hiesinger

The professionalism of a human doctor in outpatient service depends on two core abilities: the ability to make accurate medical decisions and the medical consultation skill to conduct strategic, empathetic patient inquiry. Existing Large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yunghwei Lai , Kaiming Liu , Ziyue Wang , Weizhi Ma , Yang Liu

Deep generative models and synthetic medical data have shown significant promise in addressing key challenges in healthcare, such as privacy concerns, data bias, and the scarcity of realistic datasets. While research in this area has grown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Krishan Agyakari Raja Babu , Supriti Mulay , Om Prabhu , Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been increasingly used in the implementation of advanced Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS). Research demonstrated the potential usefulness of AI-powered CDSS (AI-CDSS) in clinical decision…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-01-14 Dakuo Wang , Liuping Wang , Zhan Zhang , Ding Wang , Haiyi Zhu , Yvonne Gao , Xiangmin Fan , Feng Tian

The development of large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) models is influencing neuroscience research by enabling end-to-end learning from raw brain signals and neural data. In this paper, we review applications of large-scale AI models…

This paper explores the significant impact of AI-based medical devices, including wearables, telemedicine, large language models, and digital twins, on clinical decision support systems. It emphasizes the importance of producing outcomes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Elham Nasarian , Roohallah Alizadehsani , U. Rajendra Acharya , Kwok-Leung Tsui

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly integrated into healthcare and pharmacy workflows, supporting tasks such as medication recommendations, dosage determination, and drug interaction detection. While these systems often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Khalid Adnan Alsayed

Advanced AI technologies are increasingly integrated into clinical domains to advance patient care. The design and development of clinical AI technologies necessitate seamless collaboration between clinical and technical experts. However,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Bingsheng Yao , Yao Du , Yue Fu , Xuhai Xu , Yanjun Gao , Hong Yu , Dakuo Wang

Current AI-driven research in radiology requires resources and expertise that are often inaccessible to small and resource-limited labs. The clinicians who are able to participate in AI research are frequently well-funded, well-staffed, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Raphael Y. Cohen , Aaron D. Sodickson

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based computer perception (CP) technologies use mobile sensors to collect behavioral and physiological data for clinical decision-making. These tools can reshape how clinical knowledge is generated and…

As more clinical workflows continue to be augmented by artificial intelligence (AI), AI literacy among physicians will become a critical requirement for ensuring safe and ethical AI-enabled patient care. Despite the evolving importance of…