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Recent advances in model distillation show that data from advanced reasoning models can effectively train smaller student models. However, standard practices discard incorrect reasoning traces -- valuable, yet underutilized data. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Shuyao Xu , Cheng Peng , Jiangxuan Long , Weidi Xu , Wei Chu , Yuan Qi

The task of information retrieval is an important component of many natural language processing systems, such as open domain question answering. While traditional methods were based on hand-crafted features, continuous representations based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Gautier Izacard , Edouard Grave

Knowledge distillation from large language models (LLMs) assumes that the teacher's output distribution is a high-quality training signal. On reasoning tasks, this assumption is frequently violated. A model's intermediate representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Ryan Brown , Chris Russell

While the current state-of-the-art dense retrieval models exhibit strong out-of-domain generalization, they might fail to capture nuanced domain-specific knowledge. In principle, fine-tuning these models for specialized retrieval tasks…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Manveer Singh Tamber , Suleman Kazi , Vivek Sourabh , Jimmy Lin

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across a wide range of language tasks. However, their reasoning process is primarily guided by statistical patterns in training data, which limits their ability to handle novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Hong Su

Specialized reasoning language models (RLMs) have demonstrated that scaling test-time computation through detailed reasoning traces significantly enhances performance. Although these traces effectively facilitate knowledge distillation into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Philip Lippmann , Jie Yang

Recent methods have demonstrated that Large Language Models (LLMs) can solve reasoning tasks better when they are encouraged to solve subtasks of the main task first. In this paper we devise a similar strategy that breaks down reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Zhuofeng Wu , He Bai , Aonan Zhang , Jiatao Gu , VG Vinod Vydiswaran , Navdeep Jaitly , Yizhe Zhang

Knowledge distillation optimises a smaller student model to behave similarly to a larger teacher model, retaining some of the performance benefits. While this method can improve results on in-distribution examples, it does not necessarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Joe Stacey , Marek Rei

Multi-task learning (MTL) is to learn one single model that performs multiple tasks for achieving good performance on all tasks and lower cost on computation. Learning such a model requires to jointly optimize losses of a set of tasks with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-25 Wei-Hong Li , Hakan Bilen

Effective document reranking is essential for improving search relevance across diverse applications. While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at reranking due to their deep semantic understanding and reasoning, their high computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Dimitar Peshevski , Kiril Blazhevski , Martin Popovski , Gjorgji Madjarov

Large language model (LLM) agents deployed for multi-step tasks frequently fail in predictable ways: attempting actions with unmet preconditions, issuing redundant commands, or mishandling environment constraints. While retrieval-augmented…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Humaid Ibrahim , Nikolai Rozanov , Marek Rei

The push to compress and impart the proficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) into more deployable and efficient Small Language Models (SLMs) has benefited from improvements in knowledge distillation (KD) techniques. These techniques…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Shreyansh Padarha

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant promise as agents in interactive tasks, their substantial computational requirements and restricted number of calls constrain their practical utility, especially in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Maryam Hashemzadeh , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Sarath Chandar , Marc-Alexandre Cote

Large Language Models (LLMs) can transfer their reasoning skills to smaller models by teaching them to generate the intermediate reasoning process required to solve multistep reasoning tasks. While LLMs can accurately solve reasoning tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Shivam Adarsh , Kumar Shridhar , Caglar Gulcehre , Nicholas Monath , Mrinmaya Sachan

Knowledge distillation offers a transformative pathway to developing powerful, yet efficient, small language models (SLMs) suitable for resource-constrained environments. In this paper, we benchmark the performance and computational cost of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Sachin Gopal Wani , Eric Page , Ajay Dholakia , David Ellison

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered increasing attention owing to their powerful logical reasoning capabilities. Generally, larger LLMs (L-LLMs) that require paid interfaces exhibit significantly superior performance compared to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Dong Chen , Shilin Zhang , Fei Gao , Yueting Zhuang , Siliang Tang , Qidong Liu , Mingliang Xu

Many information retrieval tasks require large labeled datasets for fine-tuning. However, such datasets are often unavailable, and their utility for real-world applications can diminish quickly due to domain shifts. To address this…

Knowledge distillation improves large language model (LLM) reasoning by compressing the knowledge of a teacher LLM to train smaller LLMs. On-policy distillation advances this approach by having the student sample its own trajectories while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Siyan Zhao , Zhihui Xie , Mengchen Liu , Jing Huang , Guan Pang , Feiyu Chen , Aditya Grover

The growing adoption of large language models (LLMs) in business applications has amplified interest in Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) solutions, in which there is competing demand for high performance and efficiency. Domain- and…

Large language models (LLMs) are incredible and versatile tools for text-based tasks that have enabled countless, previously unimaginable, applications. Retrieval models, in contrast, have not yet seen such capable general-purpose models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Julian Killingback , Hamed Zamani