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Recent researches have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) are susceptible to a security threat known as Backdoor Attack. The backdoored model will behave well in normal cases but exhibit malicious behaviours on inputs inserted with a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Yunzhuo Hao , Wenkai Yang , Yankai Lin

Backdoor attacks pose a serious security threat to large language models (LLMs), which are increasingly deployed as general-purpose assistants in safety- and privacy-critical applications. Existing LLM backdoors rely primarily on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Rui Wen , Mark Russinovich , Andrew Paverd , Jun Sakuma , Ahmed Salem

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significantly advanced capabilities in understanding and generating human language text, which have gained increasing popularity over recent years. Apart from their state-of-the-art natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yihe Zhou , Tao Ni , Wei-Bin Lee , Qingchuan Zhao

Textual backdoor attacks present a substantial security risk to Large Language Models (LLM). It embeds carefully chosen triggers into a victim model at the training stage, and makes the model erroneously predict inputs containing the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Xinglin Li , Xianwen He , Yao Li , Minhao Cheng

Backdoor attacks significantly compromise the security of large language models by triggering them to output specific and controlled content. Currently, triggers for textual backdoor attacks fall into two categories: fixed-token triggers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jingyi Zheng , Tianyi Hu , Tianshuo Cong , Xinlei He

Large Language Models (LLMs), which bridge the gap between human language understanding and complex problem-solving, achieve state-of-the-art performance on several NLP tasks, particularly in few-shot and zero-shot settings. Despite the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shuai Zhao , Meihuizi Jia , Zhongliang Guo , Leilei Gan , Xiaoyu Xu , Xiaobao Wu , Jie Fu , Yichao Feng , Fengjun Pan , Luu Anh Tuan

Recent studies have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to data poisoning attacks, where malicious training examples embed hidden behaviours triggered by specific input patterns. However, most existing works assume a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Sanhanat Sivapiromrat , Caiqi Zhang , Marco Basaldella , Nigel Collier

Because state-of-the-art language models are expensive to train, most practitioners must make use of one of the few publicly available language models or language model APIs. This consolidation of trust increases the potency of backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Nikhil Kandpal , Matthew Jagielski , Florian Tramèr , Nicholas Carlini

Large language models (LLMs) have seen significant advancements, achieving superior performance in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, from understanding to reasoning. However, they remain vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Chen Chen , Yuchen Sun , Xueluan Gong , Jiaxin Gao , Kwok-Yan Lam

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in settings where inducing a bias toward a certain topic can have significant consequences, and backdoor attacks can be used to produce such models. Prior work on backdoor attacks has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Anudeep Das , Prach Chantasantitam , Gurjot Singh , Lipeng He , Mariia Ponomarenko , Florian Kerschbaum

Large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about potential security threats despite performing significantly in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Backdoor attacks initially verified that LLM is doing substantial harm at all stages,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Pengzhou Cheng , Yidong Ding , Tianjie Ju , Zongru Wu , Wei Du , Ping Yi , Zhuosheng Zhang , Gongshen Liu

Backdoor attacks compromise model reliability by using triggers to manipulate outputs. Trigger inversion can accurately locate these triggers via a generator and is therefore critical for backdoor defense. However, the discrete nature of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Ruyi Zhang , Heng Gao , Songlei Jian , Yusong Tan , Haifang Zhou

Generative large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art results on a wide range of tasks, yet they remain susceptible to backdoor attacks: carefully crafted triggers in the input can manipulate the model to produce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yige Li , Hanxun Huang , Yunhan Zhao , Xingjun Ma , Jun Sun

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly impacted various domains, including Web search, healthcare, and software development. However, as these models scale, they become more vulnerable to cybersecurity risks,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Qin Liu , Wenjie Mo , Terry Tong , Jiashu Xu , Fei Wang , Chaowei Xiao , Muhao Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) can acquire deceptive behaviors through backdoor attacks, where the model executes prohibited actions whenever secret triggers appear in the input. Existing safety training methods largely fail to address this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Guangyu Shen , Siyuan Cheng , Xiangzhe Xu , Yuan Zhou , Hanxi Guo , Zhuo Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang

The Large Language Models (LLMs) are poised to offer efficient and intelligent services for future mobile communication networks, owing to their exceptional capabilities in language comprehension and generation. However, the extremely high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Haomiao Yang , Kunlan Xiang , Mengyu Ge , Hongwei Li , Rongxing Lu , Shui Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have greatly advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly through instruction tuning, which enables broad task generalization without additional fine-tuning. However, their reliance on large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 San Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to be vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where triggers embedded in poisoned samples can maliciously alter LLMs' behaviors. In this paper, we move beyond attacking LLMs and instead examine backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Huaizhi Ge , Yiming Li , Qifan Wang , Yongfeng Zhang , Ruixiang Tang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated superior performance compared to previous methods on various tasks, and often serve as the foundation models for many researches and services. However, the untrustworthy third-party LLMs may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Hai Huang , Zhengyu Zhao , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely integrated into interactive systems such as dialogue agents and task-oriented assistants. This growing ecosystem also raises supply-chain risks, where adversaries can distribute poisoned models that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yiyang Lu , Jinwen He , Yue Zhao , Kai Chen , Ruigang Liang , Cheng Hong , Yingjun Zhang
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