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Large Language Models (LLMs) are employed across various high-stakes domains, where the reliability of their outputs is crucial. One commonly used method to assess the reliability of LLMs' responses is uncertainty estimation, which gauges…

Backdoors are hidden behaviors that are only triggered once an AI system has been deployed. Bad actors looking to create successful backdoors must design them to avoid activation during training and evaluation. Since data used in these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Sara Price , Arjun Panickssery , Sam Bowman , Asa Cooper Stickland

Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) extend large language models (LLMs) to process multi-modal information, enabling them to generate responses to image-text inputs. MLLMs have been incorporated into diverse multi-modal applications,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Zenghui Yuan , Jiawen Shi , Pan Zhou , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Lichao Sun

In-context learning (ICL) has demonstrated remarkable success in large language models (LLMs) due to its adaptability and parameter-free nature. However, it also introduces a critical vulnerability to backdoor attacks, where adversaries can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhiyao Ren , Siyuan Liang , Aishan Liu , Dacheng Tao

Pre-trained language models have achieved remarkable success across a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks, particularly when fine-tuned on large, domain-relevant datasets. However, they remain vulnerable to backdoor…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Anindya Sundar Das , Kangjie Chen , Monowar Bhuyan

Backdoor attacks pose an important security threat to textual large language models. Exploring textual backdoor attacks not only helps reveal the potential security risks of models, but also promotes innovation and development of defense…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Yang Hou , Qiuling Yue , Lujia Chai , Guozhao Liao , Wenbao Han , Wei Ou

Prompts have significantly improved the performance of pretrained Large Language Models (LLMs) on various downstream tasks recently, making them increasingly indispensable for a diverse range of LLM application scenarios. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Hongwei Yao , Jian Lou , Zhan Qin

Backdoor attacks are commonly executed by contaminating training data, such that a trigger can activate predetermined harmful effects during the test phase. In this work, we present AnyDoor, a test-time backdoor attack against multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Dong Lu , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Qian Liu , Xianjun Yang , Min Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become integral to many applications, with system prompts serving as a key mechanism to regulate model behavior and ensure ethical outputs. In this paper, we introduce a novel backdoor attack that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Lu Yan , Siyuan Cheng , Xuan Chen , Kaiyuan Zhang , Guangyu Shen , Zhuo Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang

In this paper, we present a new form of backdoor attack against Large Language Models (LLMs): lingual-backdoor attacks. The key novelty of lingual-backdoor attacks is that the language itself serves as the trigger to hijack the infected…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Zihan Wang , Hongwei Li , Rui Zhang , Wenbo Jiang , Kangjie Chen , Tianwei Zhang , Qingchuan Zhao , Guowen Xu

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has marked significant achievements in language processing and reasoning capabilities. Despite their advancements, LLMs face vulnerabilities to data poisoning attacks, where the adversary inserts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xiangyu Zhou , Yao Qiang , Saleh Zare Zade , Mohammad Amin Roshani , Prashant Khanduri , Douglas Zytko , Dongxiao Zhu

Pre-trained language models allowed us to process downstream tasks with the help of fine-tuning, which aids the model to achieve fairly high accuracy in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Such easily-downloaded language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Jaechul Roh , Minhao Cheng , Yajun Fang

Large language models (LLMs) are susceptible to social-engineered attacks that are human-interpretable but require a high level of comprehension for LLMs to counteract. Existing defensive measures can only mitigate less than half of these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Canaan Yung , Hadi Mohaghegh Dolatabadi , Sarah Erfani , Christopher Leckie

Early research into data poisoning attacks against Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrated the ease with which backdoors could be injected. More recent LLMs add step-by-step reasoning, expanding the attack surface to include the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Hanna Foerster , Ilia Shumailov , Yiren Zhao , Harsh Chaudhari , Jamie Hayes , Robert Mullins , Yarin Gal

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Artificial Intelligence (AI) services due to their exceptional proficiency in understanding and generating human-like text. LLM chatbots, in particular, have seen widespread adoption,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Gelei Deng , Yi Liu , Yuekang Li , Kailong Wang , Ying Zhang , Zefeng Li , Haoyu Wang , Tianwei Zhang , Yang Liu

We explore \textbf{C}ross-lingual \textbf{B}ackdoor \textbf{AT}tacks (X-BAT) in multilingual Large Language Models (mLLMs), revealing how backdoors inserted in one language can automatically transfer to others through shared embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Himanshu Beniwal , Sailesh Panda , Birudugadda Srivibhav , Mayank Singh

While effective backdoor detection and inversion schemes have been developed for AIs used e.g. for images, there are challenges in "porting" these methods to LLMs. First, the LLM input space is discrete, which precludes gradient-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Zhengxing Li , Guangmingmei Yang , Jayaram Raghuram , David J. Miller , George Kesidis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been extensively used across diverse domains, including virtual assistants, automated code generation, and scientific research. However, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, which manipulate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Haoran Gu , Handing Wang , Yi Mei , Mengjie Zhang , Yaochu Jin

Backdoor unalignment attacks against Large Language Models (LLMs) enable the stealthy compromise of safety alignment using a hidden trigger while evading normal safety auditing. These attacks pose significant threats to the applications of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Biao Yi , Tiansheng Huang , Sishuo Chen , Tong Li , Zheli Liu , Zhixuan Chu , Yiming Li

Backdoor attacks are a kind of emergent training-time threat to deep neural networks (DNNs). They can manipulate the output of DNNs and possess high insidiousness. In the field of natural language processing, some attack methods have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Fanchao Qi , Yangyi Chen , Mukai Li , Yuan Yao , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun