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Braidoids generalize the classical braids and form a counterpart theory to the theory of planar knotoids, just as the theory of braids does for the theory of knots. In this paper, we introduce basic notions of braidoids, a closure operation…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2021-03-01 Neslihan Gügümcü , Sofia Lambropoulou

This paper is a survey on the theory of knotoids and braidoids. Knotoids are open ended knot diagrams in surfaces and braidoids are geometric objects analogous to classical braids, forming a counterpart theory to the theory of knotoids in…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-03-06 Neslihan Gügümcü , Louis H. Kauffman , Sofia Lambropoulou

In this survey paper we present the $L$--moves between braids and how they can adapt and serve for establishing and proving braid equivalence theorems for various diagrammatic settings, such as for classical knots, for knots in knot…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2011-03-24 Sofia Lambropoulou

A knot (or link) diagram is said to be everywhere equivalent if all the diagrams obtained by switching one crossing represent the same knot (or link). We classify such diagrams of a closed 3-braid.

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2014-11-18 Alexander Stoimenow

The notion of a braided chord diagram is introduced and studied. An equivalence relation is given which identifies all braidings of a fixed chord diagram. It is shown that finite-type invariants are stratified by braid index for knots which…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Joan S. Birman , Rolland Trapp

In this paper, we generalize the \textit{Clock Theorem} of Formal Knot Theory to knotoids in $S^2$. The clock theorem implies that clock states of a knotoid diagram form a lattice under transpositions. These states form the basis of many…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Neslihan Gügümcü , Louis H. Kauffman

In this paper we study the theory of knotoids and braidoids and the theory of pseudo knotoids and pseudo braidoids on the torus T. In particular, we introduce the notion of {\it mixed knotoids} in $S^2$, that generalize the notion of mixed…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2021-03-31 Ioannis Diamantis

This paper investigates the parity concept in knotoids in $S^2$ and in $\mathbb{R}^2$ in relation with virtual knots. We show that the virtual closure map is not surjective and give specific examples of virtual knots that are not in the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-05-13 Neslihan Gügümcü , Louis Kauffman

In previous papers, the author realized the following principle for many knot theories: if a knot diagram is complicated enough then it reproduces itself, i.e., is a subdiagram of any other diagram equivalent to it. This principle is…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2015-02-03 Vassily Olegovich Manturov

This is an expository article on diagrammatic representations of knots and links in various settings via braids.

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2018-11-29 Sofia Lambropoulou

In this paper we describe braid equivalence for knots and links in a 3-manifold $M$ obtained by rational surgery along a framed link in $S^3$. We first prove a sharpened version of the Reidemeister theorem for links in $M$. We then give…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2013-11-12 Ioannis Diamantis , Sofia Lambropoulou

While knotoids on the sphere are well-understood by a variety of invariants, knotoids on the plane have proven more subtle to classify due to their multitude over knotoids on the sphere and a lack of invariants that detect a diagram's…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2024-07-11 Mohamed Elhamdadi , Wout Moltmaker , Masahico Saito

The surface singular braid monoid corresponds to marked graph diagrams of knotted surfaces in braid form. In a quest to resolve linearity problem for this monoid, we will show that if it is defined on at least two or at least three strands,…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-07-10 Michal Jablonowski

We observe that for planar graphs, the geometric duality relation generates both 2-isomorphism and abstract duality. This observation has the surprising consequence that for links, the equivalence relation defined by isomorphisms of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-06-10 Lorenzo Traldi

In this paper we study the theory of {\it pseudo knots}, which are knots with some missing crossing information, and we introduce and study the theory of {\it pseudo tied links} and the theory of {\it pseudo knotoids}. In particular, we…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2020-11-30 Ioannis Diamantis

There exists a simplified Bar-Natan Khovanov complex for open 2-braids. The Khovanov cohomology of a knot diagram made by gluing tangles of this type is therefore often amenable to calculation. We lift this idea to the level of the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2015-06-26 Dan Jones , Andrew Lobb , Dirk Schuetz

The relation between open topological strings and representation theory of symmetric quivers is explored beyond the original setting of the knot-quiver correspondence. Multiple cover generalizations of the skein relation for boundaries of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-02-12 Tobias Ekholm , Piotr Kucharski , Pietro Longhi

Presentations for unbraided, braided and symmetric pseudomonoids are defined. Biequivalences characterising the semistrict bicategories generated by these presentations are proven. It is shown that these biequivalences categorify results in…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2018-12-04 Dominic Verdon

We present a complete classification of spherical knotoids with up to six crossings and conjecture that our classification up to seven crossings is complete. Our work extends the tradition of knot tabulation to the setting of knotoids…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2026-03-09 Boštjan Gabrovšek , Paolo Cavicchioli

We consider {\em L-graphs}, that is contact graphs of axis-aligned L-shapes in the plane, all with the same rotation. We provide several characterizations of L-graphs, drawing connections to Schnyder realizers and canonical orders of…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2013-03-07 Steven Chaplick , Stephen Kobourov , Torsten Ueckerdt
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