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This work studies approximation based on single-hidden-layer feedforward and recurrent neural networks with randomly generated internal weights. These methods, in which only the last layer of weights and a few hyperparameters are optimized,…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-02-17 Lukas Gonon , Lyudmila Grigoryeva , Juan-Pablo Ortega

Feedforward neural networks have wide applicability in various disciplines of science due to their universal approximation property. Some authors have shown that single hidden layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs) with fixed weights…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-01-04 Namig J. Guliyev , Vugar E. Ismailov

Neural networks with random hidden nodes have gained increasing interest from researchers and practical applications. This is due to their unique features such as very fast training and universal approximation property. In these networks…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Grzegorz Dudek

Universal approximation theorems provide a mathematical explanation for the expressive power of neural networks. They assert that, under mild conditions on the activation function, feedforward neural networks are dense in broad function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Soumendu Sundar Mukherjee , Himasish Talukdar

The universal approximation theorem, in one of its most general versions, says that if we consider only continuous activation functions $\sigma$, then a standard feedforward neural network with one hidden layer is able to approximate any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Kai Fong Ernest Chong

We investigate the approximation capabilities of dense neural networks. While universal approximation theorems establish that sufficiently large architectures can approximate arbitrary continuous functions if there are no restrictions on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Levi Rauchwerger , Stefanie Jegelka , Ron Levie

The classical universal approximation (UA) theorem for neural networks establishes mild conditions under which a feedforward neural network can approximate a continuous function $f$ with arbitrary accuracy. A recent result shows that neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Geonho Hwang , Wonyeol Lee , Yeachan Park , Sejun Park , Feras Saad

The universal approximation property is fundamental to the success of neural networks, and has traditionally been achieved by training networks without any constraints on their parameters. However, recent experimental research proposed a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Yongqiang Cai , Gaohang Chen , Zhonghua Qiao

It is well known that Artificial Neural Networks are universal approximators. The classical result proves that, given a continuous function on a compact set on an n-dimensional space, then there exists a one-hidden-layer feedforward network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Rocio Gonzalez-Diaz , Miguel A. Gutiérrez-Naranjo , Eduardo Paluzo-Hidalgo

In this paper, we explain the universal approximation capabilities of deep residual neural networks through geometric nonlinear control. Inspired by recent work establishing links between residual networks and control systems, we provide a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Paulo Tabuada , Bahman Gharesifard

The approximation power of general feedforward neural networks with piecewise linear activation functions is investigated. First, lower bounds on the size of a network are established in terms of the approximation error and network depth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Mohammad Mehrabi , Aslan Tchamkerten , Mansoor I. Yousefi

Neural networks are regularly employed in adaptive control of nonlinear systems and related methods of reinforcement learning. A common architecture uses a neural network with a single hidden layer (i.e. a shallow network), in which the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-18 Andrew Lamperski , Tyler Lekang

We introduce a Banach space-valued extension of random feature learning, a data-driven supervised machine learning technique for large-scale kernel approximation. By randomly initializing the feature maps, only the linear readout needs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ariel Neufeld , Philipp Schmocker

We generalize the classical universal approximation theorem for neural networks to the case of complex-valued neural networks. Precisely, we consider feedforward networks with a complex activation function $\sigma : \mathbb{C} \to…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-13 Felix Voigtlaender

We investigate the concept of Best Approximation for Feedforward Neural Networks (FNN) and explore their convergence properties through the lens of Random Projection (RPNNs). RPNNs have predetermined and fixed, once and for all, internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Gianluca Fabiani

In this paper, feedforward neural networks are presented that have nonlinear weight functions based on look--up tables, that are specially smoothed in a regularization called the diffusion. The idea of such a type of networks is based on…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Artur Rataj

Modifications to a neural network's input and output layers are often required to accommodate the specificities of most practical learning tasks. However, the impact of such changes on architecture's approximation capabilities is largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Anastasis Kratsios , Eugene Bilokopytov

Training deep neural networks results in strong learned representations that show good generalization capabilities. In most cases, training involves iterative modification of all weights inside the network via back-propagation. In Extreme…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-06 Amir Rosenfeld , John K. Tsotsos

The universal approximation theorem states that a neural network with one hidden layer can approximate continuous functions on compact sets with any desired precision. This theorem supports using neural networks for various applications,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Marcos Eduardo Valle , Wington L. Vital , Guilherme Vieira

Neural networks (NNs) are known for their high predictive accuracy in complex learning problems. Beside practical advantages, NNs also indicate favourable theoretical properties such as universal approximation (UA) theorems. Binarized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Mikail Yayla , Mario Günzel , Burim Ramosaj , Jian-Jia Chen
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