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To perform achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation, one can use flagged syndrome extraction with fewer ancilla qubits. However, it suffers from long circuit depth if one stabilizer is measured at a time. Previously, Reichardt showed that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-20 Pei-Hao Liou , Ching-Yi Lai

Flag-style fault-tolerance has become a linchpin in the realization of small fault-tolerant quantum-error correction experiments. The flag protocol's utility hinges on low qubit overhead, which is typically much smaller than in other…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-05 Dhruv Bhatnagar , Matthew Steinberg , David Elkouss , Carmen G. Almudever , Sebastian Feld

Large scale quantum circuits are required to exploit the advantages of quantum computers. Despite significant advancements in quantum hardware, scalability remains a challenge, with errors accumulating as more qubits and gates are added. To…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Younghun Kim , Hansol Kim , Jeongsoo Kang , Wonjae Choi , Younghun Kwon

Conventional fault-tolerant quantum error-correction schemes require a number of extra qubits that grows linearly with the code's maximum stabilizer generator weight. For some common distance-three codes, the recent "flag paradigm" uses…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-07 Rui Chao , Ben W. Reichardt

In this paper we introduce a general fault-tolerant quantum error correction protocol using flag circuits for measuring stabilizers of arbitrary distance codes. In addition to extending flag error correction beyond distance-three codes for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-09 Christopher Chamberland , Michael E. Beverland

Fault-tolerant syndrome extraction is a key ingredient in implementing fault-tolerant quantum computations. While conventional methods use a number of extra qubits linear in the weight of the syndrome, several improvements have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-22 Benjamin Anker , Milad Marvian

Steane's seven-qubit quantum code is a natural choice for fault-tolerance experiments because it is small and just two extra qubits are enough to correct errors. However, the two-qubit error-correction technique, known as "flagged" syndrome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-07 Ben W. Reichardt

We reduce the extra qubits needed for two fault-tolerant quantum computing protocols: error correction, specifically syndrome bit measurement, and cat state preparation. For distance-three fault-tolerant syndrome extraction, we show an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Prithviraj Prabhu , Ben W. Reichardt

Quantum error-correcting codes are a vital technology for demonstrating reliable quantum computation. They require data qubits for encoding quantum information and ancillary qubits for taking error syndromes necessary for error correction.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Shintaro Sato , Yasunari Suzuki

Reliable quantum computation requires fault-tolerant protocols to prevent errors from propagating during syndrome extraction in quantum error correction. We present a novel fault-tolerant syndrome extraction technique for CSS codes, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Diego Forlivesi , Lorenzo Valentini , Marco Chiani

Quantum error correction (QEC) is considered a deciding component in enabling practical quantum computing. Stabilizer codes, and in particular topological surface codes, are promising candidates for implementing QEC by redundantly encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Josias Old , Stephan Tasler , Michael J. Hartmann , Markus Müller

To build a fault-tolerant quantum computer, it is necessary to implement a quantum error correcting code. Such codes rely on the ability to extract information about the quantum error syndrome while not destroying the quantum information…

Flag qubits have recently been proposed in syndrome extraction circuits to detect high-weight errors arising from fewer faults. The use of flag qubits allows the construction of fault-tolerant protocols with the fewest number of ancillas…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-27 Theerapat Tansuwannont , Christopher Chamberland , Debbie Leung

Fault-tolerant (FT) computation by using quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for realizing large-scale quantum algorithms. Devices are expected to have enough qubits to demonstrate aspects of fault tolerance in the near future.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-24 Lingling Lao , Carmen G. Almudever

Quantum error correction and quantum error detection necessitate syndrome measurements to detect errors. Performing syndrome measurements for each stabilizer generator can be a significant overhead, considering the fact that the readout…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-31 Kento Tsubouchi , Yasunari Suzuki , Yuuki Tokunaga , Nobuyuki Yoshioka , Suguru Endo

Quantum error correction is an important ingredient for scalable quantum computing. Stabilizer codes are one of the most promising and straightforward ways to correct quantum errors, are convenient for logical operations, and improve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Ilya. A. Simakov , Ilya. S. Besedin

Scalable realisation of quantum computing is reliant on the development of fault tolerant devices. Analysis of quantum error correction protocols typically considers incoherent noise models or noise-free syndrome measurements. While this is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Ben Harper , Azar C. Nakhl , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

We discuss single-shot decoding of quantum Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes with faulty syndrome measurements. We state the problem as a joint source-channel coding problem. By adding redundant rows to the code's parity-check matrix we obtain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-20 Aldo Cumitini , Stefano Tinelli , Balázs Matuz , Francisco Lázaro , Luca Barletta

Practical quantum computation heavily relies on the ability to perform quantum error correction in a fault-tolerant manner. Fault-tolerant encoding is a critical first step, and careful consideration of the error correction cycle that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-03 Andrea Rodriguez-Blanco , Ho Nam Nguyen , K. Birgitta Whaley

One of the most promising paths towards large scale fault tolerant quantum computation is the use of quantum error correcting stabilizer codes. Just like every other quantum circuit, these codes must be compiled to hardware in a way to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-07 Sahil Khan , Suhas Vittal , Kenneth Brown , Jonathan Baker
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