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Related papers: Difference-in-Differences when Parallel Trends Hol…

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This paper introduces the two-way common causal covariates (CCC) assumption, which is necessary to get an unbiased estimate of the ATT when using time-varying covariates in existing Difference-in-Differences methods. The two-way CCC…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-25 Sunny Karim , Matthew D. Webb

In economic program evaluation, it is common to obtain panel data in which outcomes are indicators that an individual has reached an absorbing state. For example, they may indicate whether an individual has exited a period of unemployment,…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-26 Ben Deaner , Hyejin Ku

Difference-in-differences estimation is a widely used method of program evaluation. When treatment is implemented in different places at different times, researchers often use two-way fixed effects to control for location-specific and…

General Economics · Economics 2021-03-25 Pamela Jakiela

Difference-in-differences (DID) is popular because it can allow for unmeasured confounding when the key assumption of parallel trends holds. However, there exists little guidance on how to decide a priori whether this assumption is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-07 Audrey Renson , Oliver Dukes , Zach Shahn

Assessing associations between a response of interest and a set of covariates in spatial areal models is the leitmotiv of ecological regression. However, the presence of spatially correlated random effects can mask or even bias estimates of…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-02 A. Adin , T. Goicoa , J. S. Hodges , P. Schnell , M. D. Ugarte

This paper considers inference on fixed effects in a linear regression model estimated from network data. An important special case of our setup is the two-way regression model. This is a workhorse technique in the analysis of matched data…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-04-02 Koen Jochmans , Martin Weidner

Many research questions in public health and medicine concern sustained interventions in populations defined by substantive priorities. Existing methods to answer such questions typically require a measured covariate set sufficient to…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-30 Audrey Renson , Michael Hudgens , Alexander Keil , Paul Zivich , Allison Aiello

This study considers various semiparametric difference-in-differences models under different assumptions on the relation between the treatment group identifier, time and covariates for cross-sectional and panel data. The variance lower…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-08-17 Michael Zimmert

In model serving, having one fixed model during the entire often life-long inference process is usually detrimental to model performance, as data distribution evolves over time, resulting in lack of reliability of the model trained on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Yiming Xu , Diego Klabjan

Marginal structural models are a popular tool for investigating the effects of time-varying treatments, but they require an assumption of no unobserved confounders between the treatment and outcome. With observational data, this assumption…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-10 Matthew Blackwell , Soichiro Yamauchi

In causal inference, interference occurs when the treatment of one unit may affect the outcomes of other units. The goal of this work is to serve as a guide to the use of linear outcome modeling for estimating causal effects in settings…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-01 Eric Tong , Salvador V. Balkus

The use of the two-way fixed effects regression in empirical social science was historically motivated by folk wisdom that it uncovers the Average Treatment effect on the Treated (ATT) as in the canonical two-period two-group case. This…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-03-10 Apoorva Lal

Difference-in-differences (DiD) is one of the most popular approaches for empirical research in economics, political science, and beyond. Identification in these models is based on the conditional parallel trends assumption: In the absence…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-13 Philipp Bach , Sven Klaassen , Jannis Kueck , Mara Mattes , Martin Spindler

Recent results in coupled or temporal graphical models offer schemes for estimating the relationship structure between features when the data come from related (but distinct) longitudinal sources. A novel application of these ideas is for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-22 Ronak Mehta , Hyunwoo J. Kim , Shulei Wang , Sterling C. Johnson , Ming Yuan , Vikas Singh

Standard regression adjustment gives inconsistent estimates of causal effects when there are time-varying treatment effects and time-varying covariates. Loosely speaking, the issue is that some covariates are post-treatment variables…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-12 Stephen Bates , Edward Kennedy , Robert Tibshirani , Valerie Ventura , Larry Wasserman

We revisit a model for time-varying linear regression that assumes the unknown parameters evolve according to a linear dynamical system. Counterintuitively, we show that when the underlying dynamics are stable the parameters of this model…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-01-03 Ali Jadbabaie , Horia Mania , Devavrat Shah , Suvrit Sra

The difference-in-differences (DID) research design is a key identification strategy which allows researchers to estimate causal effects under the parallel trends assumption. While the parallel trends assumption is counterfactual and cannot…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Jonas M. Mikhaeil , Christopher Harshaw

The present paper proposes a new treatment effects estimator that is valid when the number of time periods is small, and the parallel trends condition holds conditional on covariates and unobserved heterogeneity in the form of interactive…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-06-16 Nicholas Brown , Kyle Butts , Joakim Westerlund

In this article, we consider identification, estimation, and inference procedures for treatment effect parameters using Difference-in-Differences (DiD) with (i) multiple time periods, (ii) variation in treatment timing, and (iii) when the…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-12-02 Brantly Callaway , Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna

Two key identifying assumptions used to justify difference-in-differences are parallel trends and no anticipation, yet both may fail in practice. I propose a class of assumptions on anticipation and derive closed-form, sharp bounds on the…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-03 Gianna Fenaroli