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This paper introduces BASIC_RV32s, an open-source framework providing a practical microarchitectural roadmap for the RISC-V RV32I architecture, addressing the gap between theoretical knowledge and hardware implementation. Following the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Hyun Woo Kang , Ji Woong Choi

Computation intensive kernels, such as convolutions, matrix multiplication and Fourier transform, are fundamental to edge-computing AI, signal processing and cryptographic applications. Interleaved-Multi-Threading (IMT) processor cores are…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Abdallah Cheikh , Stefano Sordillo , Antonio Mastrandrea , Francesco Menichelli , Giuseppe Scotti , Mauro Olivieri

Cryptographic operations are critical for securing IoT, edge computing, and autonomous systems. However, current RISC-V platforms lack efficient hardware support for comprehensive cryptographic algorithm families and post-quantum…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Anh Kiet Pham , Van Truong Vo , Vu Trung Duong Le , Tuan Hai Vu , Hoai Luan Pham , Van Tinh Nguyen , Yasuhiko Nakashima

The burgeoning RISC-V ecosystem necessitates efficient verification methodologies for complex processors. Traditional approaches often struggle to concurrently evaluate functional correctness and performance, or balance simulation speed…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Ruizhi Qiu , Yang Liu

The evolution of quantization and mixed-precision techniques has unlocked new possibilities for enhancing the speed and energy efficiency of NNs. Several recent studies indicate that adapting precision levels across different parameters can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Giorgos Armeniakos , Alexis Maras , Sotirios Xydis , Dimitrios Soudris

Structured sparsity has been proposed as an efficient way to prune the complexity of Machine Learning (ML) applications and to simplify the handling of sparse data in hardware. Accelerating ML models, whether for training, or inference,…

Neural networks are increasingly used in real-time systems, such as automated driving applications. This requires high-performance hardware with predictable timing behavior. State-of-the-art real-time hardware is limited in memory and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Maximilian Kirschner , Konstantin Dudzik , Jürgen Becker

Modern processors are increasingly featuring multiple cores, as well as support for hardware virtualization. While these processors are common in desktop and server-class computing, they are less prevalent in embedded and real-time systems.…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2013-10-25 Richard West , Ye Li , Eric Missimer

Recent research has revealed an ever-growing class of microarchitectural attacks that exploit speculative execution, a standard feature in modern processors. Proposed and deployed countermeasures involve a variety of compiler updates,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Jan Philipp Thoma , Jakob Feldtkeller , Markus Krausz , Tim Güneysu , Daniel J. Bernstein

Our goal in this paper is to understand how to maximize energy efficiency when designing standard-ISA processor cores for subthreshold operation. We hence develop a custom subthreshold library and use it to synthesize the open-source RISC-V…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Asbjørn Djupdal , Magnus Själander , Magnus Jahre , Snorre Aunet , Trond Ytterdal

This work presents a SystemC-TLM based simulator for a RISC-V microcontroller. This simulator is focused on simplicity and easy expandable of a RISC-V. It is built around a full RISC-V instruction set simulator that supports full RISC-V ISA…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Màrius Montón

RISC-V processors are becoming ubiquitous in critical applications, but their susceptibility to microarchitectural side-channel attacks is a serious concern. Detection of microarchitectural attacks in RISC-V is an emerging research topic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Muhammad Hassan , Maria Mushtaq , Jaan Raik , Tara Ghasempouri

Neural Networks (NNs) have been widely adopted due to their outstanding efficacy and adaptability across computer vision and deep learning applications. The optimization of NNs is necessary to enable their deployment on energy constrained…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Pragun Jaswal , L. Hemanth Krishna , B. Srinivasu

A range of RISC-V based accelerators are available and coming to market, and there is strong potential for these to be used for High Performance Computing (HPC) workloads. However, such accelerators tend to provide bespoke programming…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Nick Brown , Jake Davies , Felix LeClair

Compared to the first generation of deep neural networks, dominated by regular, compute-intensive kernels such as matrix multiplications (MatMuls) and convolutions, modern decoder-based transformers interleave attention, normalization, and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Max Wipfli , Gamze İslamoğlu , Navaneeth Kunhi Purayil , Angelo Garofalo , Luca Benini

FREESS is a free, interactive simulator that illustrates instruction-level parallelism in a RISC-V-inspired superscalar processor. Based on an extended version of Tomasulo's algorithm, FREESS is intended as a hands-on educational tool for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Roberto Giorgi

Simulators for the RISC-V instruction set architecture (ISA) are useful for teaching assembly language and modern CPU architecture concepts. The Assembly/Simulation Platform for Illustration of RISC-V in Education (ASPIRE) is an integrated…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Marwan Shaban , Adam J. Rocke

Neural Networks (NN) have been proven to be powerful tools to analyze Big Data. However, traditional CPUs cannot achieve the desired performance and/or energy efficiency for NN applications. Therefore, numerous NN accelerators have been…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Taoran Xiang , Lunkai Zhang , Shuqian An , Xiaochun Ye , Mingzhe Zhang , Yanhuan Liu , Mingyu Yan , Da Wang , Hao Zhang , Wenming Li , Ninghui Sun , Dongrui Fan

Resource-limited robots face significant challenges in executing computationally intensive tasks, such as locomotion and manipulation, particularly for real-time optimal control algorithms like Model Predictive Control (MPC). This paper…

As RISC-V adoption accelerates, domains such as automotive, the Internet of Things (IoT), and industrial control are attracting growing attention. These domains are subject to stringent Size, Weight, Power, and Cost (SWaP-C) constraints,…