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Automated testing plays a crucial role in ensuring software security. It heavily relies on formal specifications to validate the correctness of the system behavior. However, the main approach to defining these formal specifications is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Hui Li , Zhen Dong , Siao Wang , Hui Zhang , Liwei Shen , Xin Peng , Dongdong She

As an integral part of source code files, code comments help improve program readability and comprehension. However, developers sometimes do not comment on their program code adequately due to the incurred extra efforts, lack of relevant…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Xiaotao Song , Hailong Sun , Xu Wang , Jiafei Yan

While comments are non-functional elements of source code, Large Language Models (LLM) frequently rely on them to perform Software Engineering (SE) tasks. Yet, where in the model this reliance resides, and how it affects performance,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Aaron Imani , Mohammad Moshirpour , Iftekhar Ahmed

Natural language comments convey key aspects of source code such as implementation, usage, and pre- and post-conditions. Failure to update comments accordingly when the corresponding code is modified introduces inconsistencies, which is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Sheena Panthaplackel , Junyi Jessy Li , Milos Gligoric , Raymond J. Mooney

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized various domains of artificial intelligence, including the realm of software engineering. In this research, we evaluate the efficacy of pre-trained LLMs in replicating the tasks…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Tajmilur Rahman , Rahul Singh , Mir Yousuf Sultan

Comments are very useful to the flow of code development. With the increasing commonality of code, novice coders have been creating a significant amount of codebases. Due to lack of commenting standards, their comments are often useless,…

AI-assisted code review is widely used to detect vulnerabilities before production release. Prior work shows that adversarial prompt manipulation can degrade large language model (LLM) performance in code generation. We test whether similar…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Scott Thornton

This study investigates the reliability of code generation by Large Language Models (LLMs), focusing on identifying and analyzing defects in the generated code. Despite the advanced capabilities of LLMs in automating code generation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ali Mohammadi Esfahani , Nafiseh Kahani , Samuel A. Ajila

Large language models (LLMs) have become essential tools in software development, widely used for requirements engineering, code generation and review tasks. Software engineers often rely on LLMs to assess whether system code implementation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Haolin Jin , Huaming Chen

Comments, or natural language descriptions of source code, are standard practice among software developers. By communicating important aspects of the code such as functionality and usage, comments help with software project maintenance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-01 Theo Steiner , Rui Zhang

Previous studies have shown that high-quality code comments assist developers in program comprehension and maintenance tasks. However, the semi-structured nature of comments, unclear conventions for writing good comments, and the lack of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Pooja Rani

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly relevant in Software Engineering research and practice, with Automated Bug Fixing (ABF) being one of their key applications. ABF involves transforming a buggy method into its fixed equivalent. A…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Antonio Vitale , Emanuela Guglielmi , Simone Scalabrino , Rocco Oliveto

Software maintenance constitutes a substantial portion of the total lifetime costs of software, with a significant portion attributed to code comprehension. Software comprehension is eased by documentation such as comments that summarize…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Skyler Grandel , Scott Thomas Andersen , Yu Huang , Kevin Leach

While code review is central to the software development process, it can be tedious and expensive to carry out. In this paper, we investigate whether and how Large Language Models (LLMs) can aid with code reviews. Our investigation focuses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Rasmus Ingemann Tuffveson Jensen , Vali Tawosi , Salwa Alamir

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated unprecedented capability in code generation. However, LLM-generated code is still plagued with a wide range of functional errors, especially for complex programming tasks that LLMs have not…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yifeng Di , Tianyi Zhang

LLMs show strong performance in code generation, but their outputs lack correctness guarantees. Sample-based uncertainty estimators address this by generating multiple candidate programs and measuring their disagreement. However, existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Weilin He , Arindam Sharma , Cristina David

Pre-trained code models rely heavily on high-quality pre-training data, particularly human-written reference comments that bridge code and natural language. However, these comments often become outdated as software evolves, degrading model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Kang Yang , Xinjun Mao , Shangwen Wang , Yanlin Wang , Tanghaoran Zhang , Bo Lin , Yihao Qin , Zhang Zhang , Yao Lu , Kamal Al-Sabahi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are one of the most promising developments in the field of artificial intelligence, and the software engineering community has readily noticed their potential role in the software development life-cycle.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Greta Dolcetti , Vincenzo Arceri , Eleonora Iotti , Sergio Maffeis , Agostino Cortesi , Enea Zaffanella

Generating accurate code review comments remains a significant challenge due to the inherently diverse and non-unique nature of the task output. Large language models pretrained on both programming and natural language data tend to perform…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Md. Asif Haider , Ayesha Binte Mostofa , Sk. Sabit Bin Mosaddek , Anindya Iqbal , Toufique Ahmed

[Background:] Thematic analysis of free-text justifications in human experiments provides significant qualitative insights. Yet, it is costly because reliable annotations require multiple domain experts. Large language models (LLMs) seem…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Maria Camporese , Fabio Massacci , Yuanjun Gong