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Legal mathematical reasoning is essential for applying large language models (LLMs) in high-stakes legal contexts, where outputs must be both mathematically accurate and procedurally compliant. However, existing legal LLMs lack structured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Kepu Zhang , Guofu Xie , Weijie Yu , Mingyue Xu , Xu Tang , Yaxin Li , Jun Xu

In this study, we focus on two main tasks, the first for detecting legal violations within unstructured textual data, and the second for associating these violations with potentially affected individuals. We constructed two datasets using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Dor Bernsohn , Gil Semo , Yaron Vazana , Gila Hayat , Ben Hagag , Joel Niklaus , Rohit Saha , Kyryl Truskovskyi

Legal judgment prediction suffers from the problem of long case documents exceeding tens of thousands of words, in general, and having a non-uniform structure. Predicting judgments from such documents becomes a challenging task, more so on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Nishchal Prasad , Mohand Boughanem , Taoufiq Dkaki

This paper introduces LegalRikai: Open Benchmark, a new benchmark comprising four complex tasks that emulate Japanese corporate legal practices. The benchmark was created by legal professionals under the supervision of an attorney. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Shogo Fujita , Yuji Naraki , Yiqing Zhu , Shinsuke Mori

Currently, long-chain reasoning remains a key challenge for large language models (LLMs) because natural texts lack sufficient explicit reasoning data. However, existing benchmarks suffer from limitations such as narrow coverage, short…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Weidong Zhan , Yue Wang , Nan Hu , Liming Xiao , Jingyuan Ma , Yuhang Qin , Zheng Li , Yixin Yang , Sirui Deng , Jinkun Ding , Wenhan Ma , Rui Li , Weilin Luo , Qun Liu , Zhifang Sui

Legal reasoning tasks present unique challenges for large language models (LLMs) due to the complexity of domain-specific knowledge and reasoning processes. This paper investigates how effectively smaller language models (Llama 2 7B and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Rean Fernandes , André Biedenkapp , Frank Hutter , Noor Awad

This article reports the results of a study examining the ability of legal and non-legal Large Language Models to perform legal analysis using the Issue-Rule-Application-Conclusion framework. LLMs were tested on legal reasoning tasks…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Lee Peoples

Extracting structured procedural knowledge from unstructured business documents is a critical yet unresolved bottleneck in process automation. While prior work has focused on extracting linear action flows from instructional texts, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Chen Yang , Ruping Xu , Ruizhe Li , Bin Cao , Jing Fan

This study investigates the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) for the extraction of structured knowledge in the form of Subject-Predicate-Object triples. We apply the setup for the domain of Economics application. The findings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Durgesh Nandini , Rebekka Koch , Mirco Schoenfeld

Factors are a foundational component of legal analysis and computational models of legal reasoning. These factor-based representations enable lawyers, judges, and AI and Law researchers to reason about legal cases. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Morgan Gray , Jaromir Savelka , Wesley Oliver , Kevin Ashley

Understanding the legally relevant factual basis of an event and conveying it through text is a key skill of legal professionals. This skill is important for preparing forms (e.g., insurance claims) or other legal documents (e.g., court…

Legal text generated by large language models (LLMs) can usually achieve reasonable factual accuracy, but it frequently fails to adhere to the specialised stylistic norms and linguistic conventions of legal writing. In order to improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Yiran Rex Ma , Yuxiao Ye , Huiyuan Xie

Recent strides in Large Language Models (LLMs) have saturated many Natural Language Processing (NLP) benchmarks, emphasizing the need for more challenging ones to properly assess LLM capabilities. However, domain-specific and multilingual…

Legal case retrieval (LCR) aims to automatically scour for comparable legal cases based on a given query, which is crucial for offering relevant precedents to support the judgment in intelligent legal systems. Due to similar goals, it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Nuo Xu , Pinghui Wang , Zi Liang , Junzhou Zhao , Xiaohong Guan

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely applied to legal tasks. To enhance their understanding of legal texts and improve reasoning accuracy, a promising approach is to incorporate legal theories. One of the most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Huanghai Liu , Quzhe Huang , Qingjing Chen , Yiran Hu , Jiayu Ma , Yun Liu , Weixing Shen , Yansong Feng

Legal relations serve as an important analytical framework for dispute resolution in civil cases. However, legal relations in Chinese civil cases remain underexplored in the field of legal AI, largely due to the absence of comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yida Cai , Ranjuexiao Hu , Huiyuan Xie , Chenyang Li , Yun Liu , Yuxiao Ye , Zhenghao Liu , Weixing Shen , Zhiyuan Liu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have extended their capabilities from basic text processing to complex reasoning tasks, including legal interpretation, argumentation, and strategic interaction. However, empirical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Asutosh Hota , Jussi P. P. Jokinen

As the legal community increasingly examines the use of large language models (LLMs) for various legal applications, legal AI developers have turned to retrieval-augmented LLMs ("RAG" systems) to improve system performance and robustness.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Lucia Zheng , Neel Guha , Javokhir Arifov , Sarah Zhang , Michal Skreta , Christopher D. Manning , Peter Henderson , Daniel E. Ho

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exceptional capabilities in Natural Language Processing (NLP) across diverse domains. However, their application in specialized tasks such as Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) for low-resource languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Mohamed Bayan Kmainasi , Ali Ezzat Shahroor , Amani Al-Ghraibah

We present Team asdfo123's submission to the LLMSR@XLLM25 shared task, which evaluates large language models on producing fine-grained, controllable, and interpretable reasoning processes. Systems must extract all problem conditions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xinye Li , Mingqi Wan , Dianbo Sui