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With the rapid expansion of low Earth orbit (LEO) constellations, thousands of satellites are now in operation, many equipped with onboard GNSS receivers capable of continuous orbit determination and time synchronization. This development…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-14 Xing Liu , Xue Xian Zheng , José A. López-Salcedo , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri , Gonzalo Seco-Granados

The design and launch of large-scale satellite networks create an imminent demand for efficient and delay-minimising routing methods. With the rising number of satellites in such constellations, pre-computing all shortest routes between all…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Gregory Stock , Juan A. Fraire , Holger Hermanns

The rapid deployment of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has drawn attention to the potential of nonterrestrial networks (NTN) in providing global communication services. Telecom operators are attempting to collaborate with…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shaojie Su , Jiasheng Wu , Zijie Ying , Zhiyuan Zhao , Xiangyu Jia , Wenjun Zhu , Yue Gao

In satellite constellation-based communication systems, continuous user coverage requires frequent handoffs due to the dynamic topology induced by the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. Each handoff between a satellite and ground users…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yassine Afif , Mohammed Almekhlafi , Antoine Lesage-Landry , Gunes Karabulut Kurt

Starlink has rapidly emerged as the world's largest satellite constellation and the de facto reference system for low Earth orbit (LEO) networking research. Existing literature predominantly models Starlink as a static, symmetric, and fully…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Muaz Ali , Utkarsh Upadhyay , Sean McCormick , Joseph Hill , Beichuan Zhang

The performance of large-scale Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) networks, which consist of thousands of satellites interconnected by optical links, is dependent on its network topology. Existing topology designs often assume idealized conditions and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Muaz Ali , Beichuan Zhang

We present F-Rosette, a stable space-ground network structure for low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite mega-constellations at scale. Due to the dynamic many-to-many space-ground mapping in high mobility, existing LEO mega-constellations with IP…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Yuanjie Li , Hewu Li , Lixin Liu , Wei Liu , Jiayi Liu , Jianping Wu , Qian Wu , Jun Liu , Zeqi Lai , Guojie Fan

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems have gained increasing attention as a crucial supplement to terrestrial wireless networks due to their extensive coverage area. This letter presents a novel system design for LEO…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Shining Lin , Jiancheng An , Lu Gan , Mérouane Debbah , Chau Yuen

As the commercial space economy expands, existing ground-based infrastructure faces severe bottlenecks in supporting the data-intensive continuous connectivity needs of next-generation "space users," including CubeSats, space data centers,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sergi Aliaga , Ahmad Masihi , Vitaly Petrov , Marc Sanchez Net , Josep M. Jornet

Low-Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellations are emerging as high-capacity backbones for next-generation Internet. Deployment of laser terminals enables high-bandwidth, low-latency inter-satellite links (ISLs); however, their limited number,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Shayan Hamidi Dehshali , Tzu-Hsuan Liao , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan

The end-to-end connectivity patterns between two points on Earth are highly volatile if mediated via a Low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation. This is rooted in the enormous speeds at which satellites in LEO must travel relative to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Gregory Stock , Juan A. Fraire , Santiago Henn , Holger Hermanns , Andreas Schmidt

Future satellite networks are expected to have thousands of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites orbiting Earth at very high speeds. User equipment (UE) communicating directly with LEO satellites will experience frequent handovers. Managing the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Mohamed Hozayen , Tasneem Darwish , Gunes Karabulut , Halim Yanikomeroglu

In this paper, we investigate an important research problem facing the upcoming satellite Internet: from a network perspective, how many satellites exactly do we need to construct a survivable and performant LSN? To answer this question, we…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zeqi Lai , Yibo Wang , Hewu Li , Qian Wu , Qi Zhang , Yunan Hou , Jun Liu , Yuanjie Li

This work develops an analytical framework for downlink low Earth orbit (LEO) or medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellite communications, leveraging tools from stochastic geometry. We propose a tractable approach to the analysis of such satellite…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-14 Chang-Sik Choi , François Baccelli

The growth of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) broadband satellite megaconstellations is rapidly increasing the number of rocket launches. While improving broadband Internet helps achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there are also…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-15 Ogutu B. Osoro , Edward J. Oughton , Andrew R. Wilson , Akhil Rao

Dense constellations of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) small satellites are envisioned to make extensive use of the inter-satellite link (ISL). Within the same orbital plane, the inter-satellite distances are preserved and the links are rather…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Beatriz Soret , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Petar Popovski

The evolution of 6th generation (6G) networks increasingly relies on satellite-based Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) to extend broadband connectivity to remote and unserved regions, and to support public safety. In this paper we compare two…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Alexander Bonora , Marco Giordani , Michele Zorzi

In this paper, the routing in massive low earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks is studied. When the satellite-to-satellite communication distance is limited, we choose different relay satellites to minimize the latency in a constellation at…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Ruibo Wang , Mustafa A. Kishk , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

The number of Low Earth Orbit~(LEO) satellites has grown enormously in the past years. Their abundance and low orbits allow for low latency communication with a satellite almost anywhere on Earth, and high-speed inter-satellite laser…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Thomas Pusztai , Cynthia Marcelino , Stefan Nastic

Future integrated terrestrial, aerial, and space networks will involve thousands of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites forming a network of mega-constellations, which will play a significant role in providing communication and Internet…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Tasneem Darwish , Gunes Kurt , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Guillaume Lamontagne , Michel Bellemare