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End-to-end (E2E) models are often being accompanied by language models (LMs) via shallow fusion for boosting their overall quality as well as recognition of rare words. At the same time, several prior works show that LMs are susceptible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-29 W. Ronny Huang , Steve Chien , Om Thakkar , Rajiv Mathews

Large Language Models (LLMs), trained on massive corpora with billions of parameters, show unprecedented performance in various fields. Though surprised by their excellent performances, researchers also noticed some special behaviors of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Bowen Chen , Namgi Han , Yusuke Miyao

Large language models (LLMs) excel in many natural language tasks, yet they struggle with complex mathemat-ical problem-solving, particularly in symbolic reasoning and maintaining consistent output. This study evalu-ates 10 LLMs with 7 to 8…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Evgenii Evstafev

This paper considers continual learning of large-scale pretrained neural machine translation model without accessing the previous training data or introducing model separation. We argue that the widely used regularization-based methods,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Shuhao Gu , Bojie Hu , Yang Feng

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) reveal a perplexing phenomenon in continual learning: despite extensive training, models experience significant performance declines, raising questions about task alignment and underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Junhao Zheng , Xidi Cai , Shengjie Qiu , Qianli Ma

Tokenization is the first step in training any Large Language Model (LLM), where the text is split into a sequence of tokens as per the model's fixed vocabulary. This tokenization in LLMs is different from the traditional tokenization in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Sachin Pawar , Manoj Apte , Kshitij Jadhav , Girish Keshav Palshikar , Nitin Ramrakhiyani

Models trained on a new task typically degrade on prior tasks, a phenomenon known as forgetting. Traditionally, mitigating forgetting has required replaying stored exemplars from prior tasks, which is often impractical. By contrast,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Martin Marek , Dongkyu Cho , Shikai Qiu , Rumi Chunara , Pavel Izmailov , Andrew Gordon Wilson

The growing use of large language models in sensitive domains has exposed a critical weakness: the inability to ensure that private information can be permanently forgotten. Yet these systems still lack reliable mechanisms to guarantee that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 James Jin Kang , Dang Bui , Thanh Pham , Huo-Chong Ling

Language models typically tokenize raw text into sequences of subword identifiers from a predefined vocabulary, a process inherently sensitive to typographical errors, length variations, and largely oblivious to the internal structure of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yekun Chai , Yewei Fang , Qiwei Peng , Xuhong Li

Current unlearning methods for large language models usually rely on reverse optimization to reduce target token probabilities. However, this paradigm disrupts the subsequent tokens prediction, degrading model performance and linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Haoming Xu , Ningyuan Zhao , Liming Yang , Sendong Zhao , Shumin Deng , Mengru Wang , Bryan Hooi , Nay Oo , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on extensive corpora inevitably retain sensitive data, such as personal privacy information and copyrighted material. Recent advancements in knowledge unlearning involve updating LLM parameters to erase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Bozhong Tian , Xiaozhuan Liang , Siyuan Cheng , Qingbin Liu , Mengru Wang , Dianbo Sui , Xi Chen , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tasks. As we progress toward an agentic world where LLM-based agents autonomously handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Naimul Haque

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in politically sensitive environments, where memorisation of personal data or confidential content raises regulatory concerns under frameworks such as the GDPR and its Right to be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Esen Kurt , Haithem Afli

Underlying mechanisms of memorization in LLMs -- the verbatim reproduction of training data -- remain poorly understood. What exact part of the network decides to retrieve a token that we would consider as start of memorization sequence?…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Ilya Lasy , Peter Knees , Stefan Woltran

With the development of large language models (LLMs) like the GPT series, their widespread use across various application scenarios presents a myriad of challenges. This review initially explores the issue of domain specificity, where LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Xiaoliang Chen , Liangbin Li , Le Chang , Yunhe Huang , Yuxuan Zhao , Yuxiao Zhang , Dinuo Li

Machine learning models exhibit two seemingly contradictory phenomena: training data memorization, and various forms of forgetting. In memorization, models overfit specific training examples and become susceptible to privacy attacks. In…

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on massive internet corpora that often contain copyrighted content. This poses legal and ethical challenges for the developers and users of these models, as well as the original authors and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Ronen Eldan , Mark Russinovich

Recent large language models (LLM) exhibit sub-optimal performance on low-resource languages, as the training data of these models is usually dominated by English and other high-resource languages. Furthermore, it is challenging to train…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Zoltan Csaki , Pian Pawakapan , Urmish Thakker , Qiantong Xu

The lack of transparency about code datasets used to train large language models (LLMs) makes it difficult to detect, evaluate, and mitigate data leakage. We present a perturbation-based method to quantify memorization advantage in code…

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable generative capabilities but raise ethical and security concerns by memorizing sensitive data, reinforcing biases, and producing harmful content. These risks have spurred interest in LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Changsheng Wang , Yihua Zhang , Dennis Wei , Jinghan Jia , Pin-Yu Chen , Sijia Liu