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Recently, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a notable field, attracting significant attention for its ability to automatically generate intelligent contents for various application domains. However, LLMs still suffer from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Kongyang Chen , Zixin Wang , Bing Mi , Waixi Liu , Shaowei Wang , Xiaojun Ren , Jiaxing Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been found to memorize and recite some of the textual sequences from their training set verbatim, raising broad concerns about privacy and copyright issues when using LLMs. This Textual Sequence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Zhaohan Zhang , Ziquan Liu , Ioannis Patras

Unlearning in large language models (LLMs) has emerged as a promising safeguard against adversarial behaviors. When the forgetting loss is applied uniformly without considering token-level semantic importance, model utility can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Seunghee Koh , Sunghyun Baek , Youngdong Kim , Junmo Kim

Large Language Models for Code (LLMs4Code) have achieved strong performance in code generation, but recent studies reveal that they may memorize and leak sensitive information contained in training data, posing serious privacy risks. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Shanzhi Gu , Zhaoyang Qu , Ruotong Geng , Mingyang Geng , Shangwen Wang , Chuanfu Xu , Haotian Wang , Zhipeng Lin , Dezun Dong

Recent advances in generative models have demonstrated an exceptional ability to produce highly realistic images. However, previous studies show that generated images often resemble the training data, and this problem becomes more severe as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Er Jin , Yang Zhang , Yongli Mou , Yanfei Dong , Stefan Decker , Kenji Kawaguchi , Johannes Stegmaier

Large language models (LLMs) can memorize and reproduce training sequences verbatim -- a tendency that undermines both generalization and privacy. Existing mitigation methods apply interventions uniformly, degrading performance on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xuanqi Zhang , Haoyang Shang , Xiaoxiao Li

Recent work has demonstrated the successful extraction of training data from generative language models. However, it is not evident whether such extraction is feasible in text classification models since the training objective is to predict…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Adel Elmahdy , Huseyin A. Inan , Robert Sim

Large language models have gained significant popularity because of their ability to generate human-like text and potential applications in various fields, such as Software Engineering. Large language models for code are commonly trained on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Ali Al-Kaswan , Maliheh Izadi , Arie van Deursen

Large language models (LLMs) are routinely pre-trained on billions of tokens, only to start the process over again once new data becomes available. A much more efficient solution is to continually pre-train these models, saving significant…

The impressive capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have sparked debate over whether these models genuinely generalize to unseen tasks or predominantly rely on memorizing vast amounts of pretraining data. To explore this issue, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Xinyi Wang , Antonis Antoniades , Yanai Elazar , Alfonso Amayuelas , Alon Albalak , Kexun Zhang , William Yang Wang

This paper explores the risk that a large language model (LLM) trained for code generation on data mined from software repositories will generate content that discloses sensitive information included in its training data. We decompose this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Rafiqul Rabin , Sean McGregor , Nick Judd

While Code Language Models (CLMs) have demonstrated superior performance in software engineering tasks such as code generation and summarization, recent empirical studies reveal a critical privacy vulnerability: these models exhibit…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Zhaoyang Chu , Yao Wan , Zhikun Zhang , Di Wang , Zhou Yang , Hongyu Zhang , Pan Zhou , Xuanhua Shi , Hai Jin , David Lo

As the deployment of pre-trained language models (PLMs) expands, pressing security concerns have arisen regarding the potential for malicious extraction of training data, posing a threat to data privacy. This study is the first to provide a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Shotaro Ishihara

The pretrained large language models (LLMs) are finetuned with labeled data for better instruction following ability and alignment with human values. In this paper, we study the learning dynamics of LLM finetuning on reasoning tasks and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhiwen Ruan , Yun Chen , Yutao Hou , Peng Li , Yang Liu , Guanhua Chen

This study investigates the mechanisms and factors influencing memorization in fine-tuned large language models (LLMs), with a focus on the medical domain due to its privacy-sensitive nature. We examine how different aspects of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Danil Savine

Language models may memorize more than just facts, including entire chunks of texts seen during training. Fair use exemptions to copyright laws typically allow for limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the copyright…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Antonia Karamolegkou , Jiaang Li , Li Zhou , Anders Søgaard

Machine unlearning (MU) seeks to remove knowledge of specific data samples from trained models without the necessity for complete retraining, a task made challenging by the dual objectives of effective erasure of data and maintaining the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Mark He Huang , Lin Geng Foo , Jun Liu

Recent research has shown that language models have a tendency to memorize rare or unique sequences in the training corpora which can thus leak sensitive attributes of user data. We employ a teacher-student framework and propose a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Zhe Liu , Xuedong Zhang , Fuchun Peng

As AI models are trained on ever-expanding datasets, the ability to remove the influence of specific data from trained models has become essential for privacy protection and regulatory compliance. Unlearning addresses this challenge by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shizhou Xu , Yuan Ni , Stefan Broecker , Thomas Strohmer

The memorization of training data in large language models (LLMs) poses significant privacy and copyright concerns. Existing data extraction methods, particularly heuristic-based divergence attacks, often exhibit limited success and offer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Myeongseob Ko , Nikhil Reddy Billa , Adam Nguyen , Charles Fleming , Ming Jin , Ruoxi Jia
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