Related papers: The reflection complexity of sequences over finite…
Self-reflection -- the ability of a large language model (LLM) to revisit, evaluate, and revise its own reasoning -- has recently emerged as a powerful behavior enabled by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR). While…
Recursive processing is considered a hallmark of human linguistic abilities. A recent study evaluated recursive processing in recurrent neural language models (RNN-LMs) and showed that such models perform below chance level on embedded…
Frobenius observed that the number of times an element of a finite group is obtained as a commutator is given by a specific combination of the irreducible characters of the group. More generally, for any word w the number of times an…
The problem we consider is the following: Given an infinite word $w$ on an ordered alphabet, construct the sequence $\nu_w=(\nu[n])_n$, equidistributed on $[0,1]$ and such that $\nu[m]<\nu[n]$ if and only if $\sigma^m(w)<\sigma^n(w)$, where…
A sequence $S=s_{1}s_{2}..._{n}$ is \emph{nonrepetitive} if no two adjacent blocks of $S$ are identical. In 1906 Thue proved that there exist arbitrarily long nonrepetitive sequences over 3-element set of symbols. We study a generalization…
In the asymptotic analysis of regular sequences as defined by Allouche and Shallit, it is usually advisable to study their summatory function because the original sequence has a too fluctuating behaviour. It might be that the process of…
We introduce "continuous deformed preprojective algebras" attached to infinite affine Dynkin quivers of type A_{\infty}, A_{+\infty}, D_{\infty}. We define a one-parameter family of deformations of the wreath product of a symmetric group…
We prove an explicit formula for infinitely many convergents of Hurwitzian continued fractions that repeat several copies of the same constant and elements of one arithmetic progression, in a quasi-periodic fashion. The proof involves…
In this paper we develop a classification of real functions based on growth rates of repeated iteration. We show how functions are naturally distinguishable when considering inverses of repeated iterations. For example, $n+2\to 2n\to 2^n\to…
In the study of infinite words, various notions of balancedness provide quantitative measures for how regularly letters or factors occur, and they find applications in several areas of mathematics and theoretical computer science. In this…
We study non-autonomous conformal iterated function systems, with finite or countably infinite alphabet alike. These differ from the usual (autonomous) iterated function systems in that the contractions applied at each step in time are…
Let $w$ be a word in alphabet $\{x,D\}$ with $m$ $x$'s and $n$ $D$'s. Interpreting "$x$" as multiplication by $x$, and "$D$" as differentiation with respect to $x$, the identity $wf(x) = x^{m-n}\sum_k S_w(k) x^k D^k f(x)$, valid for any…
Automatic sequences are not suitable sequences for cryptographic applications since both their subword complexity and their expansion complexity are small, and their correlation measure of order 2 is large. These sequences are highly…
For each integer n > 1, we present an element in $Q((T^-1))$, having a power series expansion based on an infinite word W(n), over the alphabet ${+1;-1}g and whose continued fraction expansion has a particular pattern which is explicitly…
Let $(Y_n)$ be a sequence of i.i.d. real valued random variables. Reflected random walk $(X_n)$ is defined recursively by $X_0=x \ge 0$, $X_{n+1} = |X_n - Y_{n+1}|$. In this note, we study recurrence of this process, extending a previous…
We use the cluster method to enumerate permutations avoiding consecutive patterns. We reprove and generalize in a unified way several known results and obtain new ones, including some patterns of length 4 and 5, as well as some infinite…
Given a countable set X (usually taken to be the natural numbers or the integers), an infinite permutation \pi of X is a linear ordering of X. This paper investigates the combinatorial complexity of the infinite permutation on the natural…
In this article, we study two combinatorial problems concerning the set of reflections of a Coxeter system. The first problem asks whether the language of palindromic reduced words for reflections is regular, and the second is about finding…
A recursive function on a tree is a function in which each leaf has a given value, and each internal node has a value equal to a function of the number of children, the values of the children, and possibly an explicitly specified random…
We prove an Erd\H{o}s--Szekeres type result for finite words over $\mathbb{N}$ with repeated values. Specifically, we define a \emph{repeat} in a word to be an occurrence of a value which is not its first occurrence. We define an occurrence…