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The application of generative models for experimental drug discovery campaigns is severely limited by the difficulty of designing molecules de novo that can be synthesized in practice. Previous works have leveraged Generative Flow Networks…

Generative models see increasing use in computer-aided drug design. However, while performing well at capturing distributions of molecular motifs, they often produce synthetically inaccessible molecules. To address this, we introduce…

Deep learning is emerging as an effective tool in drug discovery, with potential applications in both predictive and generative models. Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets/GFNs) are a recently introduced method recognized for the ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Elaine Lau , Nikhil Vemgal , Doina Precup , Emmanuel Bengio

Generative models in drug discovery have recently gained attention as efficient alternatives to brute-force virtual screening. However, most existing models do not account for synthesizability, limiting their practical use in real-world…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-07 Seonghwan Seo , Minsu Kim , Tony Shen , Martin Ester , Jinkyoo Park , Sungsoo Ahn , Woo Youn Kim

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets), a class of generative models have recently emerged as a suitable framework for generating diverse and high-quality molecular structures by learning from unnormalized reward distributions. Previous works…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Mohit Pandey , Gopeshh Subbaraj , Emmanuel Bengio

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) have recently emerged as a suitable framework for generating diverse and high-quality molecular structures by learning from rewards treated as unnormalized distributions. Previous works in this framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Mohit Pandey , Gopeshh Subbaraj , Artem Cherkasov , Martin Ester , Emmanuel Bengio

Template-based molecular generation offers a promising avenue for drug design by ensuring generated compounds are synthetically accessible through predefined reaction templates and building blocks. In this work, we tackle three core…

Designing mRNA sequences is a major challenge in developing next-generation therapeutics, since it involves exploring a vast space of possible nucleotide combinations while optimizing sequence properties like stability, translation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Aya Laajil , Abduragim Shtanchaev , Sajan Muhammad , Eric Moulines , Salem Lahlou

Single-step retrosynthesis aims to predict a set of reactions that lead to the creation of a target molecule, which is a crucial task in molecular discovery. Although a target molecule can often be synthesized with multiple different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Piotr Gaiński , Michał Koziarski , Krzysztof Maziarz , Marwin Segler , Jacek Tabor , Marek Śmieja

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) learn to sample diverse candidates in proportion to a reward function, making them well-suited for scientific discovery, where exploring multiple promising solutions is crucial. Further extending…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Seokwon Yoon , Youngbin Choi , Seunghyuk Cho , Seungbeom Lee , MoonJeong Park , Dongwoo Kim

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) are amortized sampling methods that learn a distribution over discrete objects proportional to their rewards. GFlowNets exhibit a remarkable ability to generate diverse samples, yet occasionally struggle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Minsu Kim , Taeyoung Yun , Emmanuel Bengio , Dinghuai Zhang , Yoshua Bengio , Sungsoo Ahn , Jinkyoo Park

Generative Flow Networks, or GFlowNets, offer a promising framework for molecular design, but their internal decision policies remain opaque. This limits adoption in drug discovery, where chemists require clear and interpretable rationales…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Amirtha Varshini A S , Duminda S. Ranasinghe , Hok Hei Tam

The potential number of drug like small molecules is estimated to be between 10^23 and 10^60 while current databases of known compounds are orders of magnitude smaller with approximately 10^8 compounds. This discrepancy has led to an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-18 Esben Jannik Bjerrum , Richard Threlfall

High-content phenotypic screening, including high-content imaging (HCI), has gained popularity in the last few years for its ability to characterize novel therapeutics without prior knowledge of the protein target. When combined with deep…

Synthesizability in small molecule generative design remains a bottleneck. Existing works that do consider synthesizability can output predicted synthesis routes for generated molecules. However, there has been minimal attention in…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-14 Jeff Guo , Víctor Sabanza-Gil , Zlatko Jončev , Jeremy S. Luterbacher , Philippe Schwaller

Chemical space exploration underlies drug discovery, yet most generative models treat chemical space as a fixed, implicitly learned distribution, focusing on sampling molecules rather than deliberately designing the space itself. We…

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets; GFNs) are a family of energy-based generative methods for combinatorial objects, capable of generating diverse and high-utility samples. However, consistently biasing GFNs towards producing high-utility…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Elaine Lau , Stephen Zhewen Lu , Ling Pan , Doina Precup , Emmanuel Bengio

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets or GFNs) are probabilistic models predicated on Markov flows, and they employ specific amortization algorithms to learn stochastic policies that generate compositional substances including biomolecules,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Shuai Guo , Jielei Chu , Lin Ma , Zhaoyu Li , Tianrui Li

Deep generative models are able to suggest new organic molecules by generating strings, trees, and graphs representing their structure. While such models allow one to generate molecules with desirable properties, they give no guarantees…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-05 John Bradshaw , Brooks Paige , Matt J. Kusner , Marwin H. S. Segler , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets), a new family of probabilistic samplers, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities to generate diverse sets of high-reward candidates, in contrast to standard return maximization approaches (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Haoran He , Can Chang , Huazhe Xu , Ling Pan
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