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Causal reasoning is often challenging with spatial data, particularly when handling high-dimensional inputs. To address this, we propose a neural network (NN) based framework integrated with an approximate Gaussian process to manage spatial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Ziyang Jiang , Zach Calhoun , Yiling Liu , Lei Duan , David Carlson

Nonlinearity and endogeneity are prevalent challenges in causal analysis using observational data. This paper proposes an inference procedure for a nonlinear and endogenous marginal effect function, defined as the derivative of the…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-06-19 Qingliang Fan , Zijian Guo , Ziwei Mei , Cun-Hui Zhang

We propose a framework for building patient-specific treatment recommendation models, building on the large recent literature on learning patient-level causal models and inspired by the target trial paradigm of Hernan and Robins. We focus…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-17 Rom Gutman , Shimon Sheiba , Omer Noy Klein , Naama Dekel Bird , Amit Gruber , Doron Aronson , Oren Caspi , Uri Shalit

Electronic health records are being increasingly used in medical research to answer more relevant and detailed clinical questions; however, they pose new and significant methodological challenges. For instance, observation times are likely…

Analyzing data from multiple sources offers valuable opportunities to improve the estimation efficiency of causal estimands. However, this analysis also poses many challenges due to population heterogeneity and data privacy constraints.…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-23 Rong Zhao , Jason Falvey , Xu Shi , Vernon M. Chinchilli , Chixiang Chen

Estimating how a treatment affects units individually, known as heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE) estimation, is an essential part of decision-making and policy implementation. The accumulation of large amounts of data in many domains,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Christopher Tran , Elena Zheleva

Estimating optimal dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) using observational data is often challenged by nonignorable missing covariates arsing from informative monitoring of patients in clinical practice. To address nonignorable missingness of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-01 Jian Sun , Bo Fu , Li Su

This thesis develops methods for causal inference and causal representation learning (CRL) in high-dimensional, time-varying data. The first contribution introduces the Causal Dynamic Variational Autoencoder (CDVAE), a model for estimating…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-05 Mouad EL Bouchattaoui

Not only does mobile health technology enable researchers to track changes in multiple longitudinal outcomes of interest and to record the occurrence of health-related events over time, but it also allows for the delivery of repeated…

Personalized healthcare decisions require reasoning about how physiological and behavioral variables influence an individual patient over time. Existing temporal causal discovery methods are poorly matched to this setting: cohort-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Elahe Khatibi , Ziyu Wang , Saba A. Farahani , Di Huang , Hung Cao , Ramesh Jain , Amir M. Rahmani

This paper explores the use of unstructured, multimodal data, namely text and images, in causal inference and treatment effect estimation. We propose a neural network architecture that is adapted to the double machine learning (DML)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Sven Klaassen , Jan Teichert-Kluge , Philipp Bach , Victor Chernozhukov , Martin Spindler , Suhas Vijaykumar

Time series models such as dynamical systems are frequently fitted to a cohort of data, ignoring variation between individual entities such as patients. In this paper we show how these models can be personalised to an individual level while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-22 Alex Bird , Christopher K. I. Williams , Christopher Hawthorne

Repeated longitudinal measurements are commonly used to model long-term disease progression, and timing and number of assessments per patient may vary, leading to irregularly spaced and sparse data. Longitudinal trajectories may exhibit…

We consider the problem of learning about and comparing the consequences of dynamic treatment strategies on the basis of observational data. We formulate this within a probabilistic decision-theoretic framework. Our approach is compared…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2010-11-16 A. Philip Dawid , Vanessa Didelez

Estimating the effect of a treatment on a given outcome, conditioned on a vector of covariates, is central in many applications. However, learning the impact of a treatment on a continuous temporal response, when the covariates suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Guangyi Zhang , Reza Ashrafi , Anne Juuti , Kirsi Pietiläinen , Pekka Marttinen

We carry out ANOVA comparisons of multiple treatments for longitudinal studies with missing values. The treatment effects are modeled semiparametrically via a partially linear regression which is flexible in quantifying the time effects of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-11-14 Song Xi Chen , Ping-Shou Zhong

Modern medical research demands specialized causal inference methods evaluating complex continuous-time dynamic treatment regimens using observational data. For instance, obtaining the causal effects of intravenous administration, a…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-02 Haiyan Zhu , Yingchun Zhou

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) are personalized, adaptive strategies designed to guide the sequential allocation of treatments based on individual characteristics over time. Before each treatment assignment, covariate information is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-24 Kai Chen , Yuqian Zhang

Dynamic Treatment Regimes (DTRs) provide a systematic framework for optimizing sequential decision-making in chronic disease management, where therapies must adapt to patients' evolving clinical profiles. Inverse probability weighting (IPW)…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-26 Chloe Si , David A. Stephens , Erica E. M. Moodie

Causal inference is a critical research area with multi-disciplinary origins and applications, ranging from statistics, computer science, economics, psychology to public health. In many scientific research, randomized experiments provide a…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-26 Jingying Zeng