Related papers: Training and Validating a Treatment Recommender wi…

Counterfactual prediction is about predicting outcome of the unobserved situation from the data. For example, given patient is on drug A, what would be the outcome if she switch to drug B. Most of existing works focus on modeling…

We highlight a failure mode of large reasoning models on questions with insufficient information: models may recognize that a problem is under-specified, yet still continue reasoning and produce unsupported final answers instead of…

We consider the task of evaluating policies of algorithmic resource allocation through randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Such policies are tasked with optimizing the utilization of limited intervention resources, with the goal of…

Many successful methods developed for medical image analysis that are based on machine learning use supervised learning approaches, which often require large datasets annotated by experts to achieve high accuracy. However, medical data…

Missing outcome data is one of the principal threats to the validity of treatment effect estimates from randomized trials. The outcome distributions of participants with missing and observed data are often different, which increases the…

Finetuning foundation models for specific tasks is an emerging paradigm in modern machine learning. The efficacy of task-specific finetuning largely depends on the selection of appropriate training data. We present TSDS (Task-Specific Data…

Tinnitus is a prevalent hearing disorder that can be caused by various factors such as age, hearing loss, exposure to loud noises, ear infections or tumors, certain medications, head or neck injuries, and psychological conditions like…

Reinforcement learning based recommender systems (RL-based RS) aim at learning a good policy from a batch of collected data, by casting recommendations to multi-step decision-making tasks. However, current RL-based RS research commonly has…

In epidemiological studies, participants' disease status is often collected through self-reported outcomes in place of formal medical tests due to budget constraints. However, self-reported outcomes are often subject to measurement errors,…

Hallucinations in medical large language models (LLMs) remain a safety-critical issue, particularly when available evidence is insufficient or conflicting. We study this problem in diabetic retinopathy (DR) decision settings and introduce…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has the potential to significantly improve clinical decision making. However, treatment policies learned via RL from observational data are sensitive to subtle choices in study design. We highlight a simple…

Extracting patient information from unstructured text is a critical task in health decision-support and clinical research. Large language models (LLMs) have shown the potential to accelerate clinical curation via few-shot in-context…

This work presents a swift method to assess the efficacy of particular types of instruction-tuning data, utilizing just a handful of probe examples and eliminating the need for model retraining. This method employs the idea of…

There is an emerging trend in the reinforcement learning for healthcare literature. In order to prepare longitudinal, irregularly sampled, clinical datasets for reinforcement learning algorithms, many researchers will resample the time…

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have become key components of many safety-critical applications such as autonomous driving and medical diagnosis. However, DNNs have been shown suffering from poor robustness because of their susceptibility to…

With recent achievements in tasks requiring context awareness, foundation models have been adopted to treat large-scale data from electronic health record (EHR) systems. However, previous clinical recommender systems based on foundation…

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating the causal effect of a treatment; however, they often have limited sample sizes and sometimes poor generalizability. On the other hand, non-randomized, observational…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success in real-world decision-making across diverse domains, including gaming, robotics, online advertising, public health, and natural language processing. Despite these advances, a…

Developing 3D vision-language models with robust clinical reasoning remains a challenge due to the inherent complexity of volumetric medical imaging, the tendency of models to overfit superficial report patterns, and the lack of…

The automation of the medical evidence acquisition and diagnosis process has recently attracted increasing attention in order to reduce the workload of doctors and democratize access to medical care. However, most works proposed in the…