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The performance of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in partially observable environments depends on effectively aggregating information from observations, communications, and reward signals. While most existing multi-agent systems…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Qinwei Huang , Stefan Wang , Simon Khan , Garrett Katz , Qinru Qiu

With deep reinforcement learning (RL) systems like autonomous driving being wildly deployed but remaining largely opaque, developers frequently use explainable RL (XRL) tools to better understand and work with deep RL agents. However,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Xiaoran Wu , Zihan Yan , Chongjie Zhang , Tongshuang Wu

Teaching large language models (LLMs) to reason during post-training typically relies on reinforcement learning with explicit outcome- or process-based reward functions. However, in many real-world settings, obtaining or defining such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Claudio Fanconi , Nicolás Astorga , Mihaela van der Schaar

Text-based games (TBGs) have emerged as an important collection of NLP tasks, requiring reinforcement learning (RL) agents to combine natural language understanding with reasoning. A key challenge for agents attempting to solve such tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Kinjal Basu , Keerthiram Murugesan , Subhajit Chaudhury , Murray Campbell , Kartik Talamadupula , Tim Klinger

Embodied exploration is a target-driven process that requires embodied agents to possess fine-grained perception and knowledge-enhanced decision making. While recent attempts leverage MLLMs for exploration due to their strong perceptual and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Gengyuan Zhang , Mingcong Ding , Jingpei Wu , Ruotong Liao , Volker Tresp

Current approximate Coarse Correlated Equilibria (CCE) algorithms struggle with equilibrium approximation for games in large stochastic environments but are theoretically guaranteed to converge to a strong solution concept. In contrast,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Ryan Yu , Mateusz Nowak , Qintong Xie , Michelle Yilin Feng , Peter Chin

Debugging is a core application of explainable reinforcement learning (XRL) algorithms; however, limited comparative evaluations have been conducted to understand their relative performance. We propose a novel evaluation methodology to test…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Mark Towers , Yali Du , Christopher Freeman , Timothy J. Norman

We study the challenging exploration incentive problem in both bandit and reinforcement learning, where the rewards are scale-free and potentially unbounded, driven by real-world scenarios and differing from existing work. Past works in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Mengfan Xu , Diego Klabjan

Multi-agent robotic systems are increasingly operating in real-world environments in close proximity to humans, yet are largely controlled by policy models with inscrutable deep neural network representations. We introduce a method for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Renos Zabounidis , Joseph Campbell , Simon Stepputtis , Dana Hughes , Katia Sycara

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm in Artificial Intelligence (AI), enabling agents to learn optimal behaviors through interactions with their environments. Drawing from the foundations of trial and error, RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Majid Ghasemi , Amir Hossein Moosavi , Dariush Ebrahimi

Often times in imitation learning (IL), the environment we collect expert demonstrations in and the environment we want to deploy our learned policy in aren't exactly the same (e.g. demonstrations collected in simulation but deployment in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Silvia Sapora , Gokul Swamy , Chris Lu , Yee Whye Teh , Jakob Nicolaus Foerster

Due to the capability of deep learning to perform well in high dimensional problems, deep reinforcement learning agents perform well in challenging tasks such as Atari 2600 games. However, clearly explaining why a certain action is taken by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Laurens Weitkamp , Elise van der Pol , Zeynep Akata

Random exploration is one of the main mechanisms through which reinforcement learning (RL) finds well-performing policies. However, it can lead to undesirable or catastrophic outcomes when learning online in safety-critical environments. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Djordje Grbic , Sebastian Risi

Deep reinforcement learning achieves superhuman performance in a range of video game environments, but requires that a designer manually specify a reward function. It is often easier to provide demonstrations of a target behavior than to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Aaron Tucker , Adam Gleave , Stuart Russell

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown stunning results in complex tasks, yet they often operate in isolation, failing to learn from past experiences. Existing memory-based methods primarily store raw trajectories, which are often…

Prevalent theories in cognitive science propose that humans understand and represent the knowledge of the world through causal relationships. In making sense of the world, we build causal models in our mind to encode cause-effect relations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-21 Prashan Madumal , Tim Miller , Liz Sonenberg , Frank Vetere

The growing sophistication of contemporary cyber threats necessitates a more effective and adaptive approach to cybersecurity training. Intuitive and adaptive approaches to learning, which are often required, are not provided in traditional…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Mary Nusrat , Sarfuddin Bhuiyan , Gahangir Hossain

The success of recent Artificial Intelligence (AI) models has been accompanied by the opacity of their internal mechanisms, due notably to the use of deep neural networks. In order to understand these internal mechanisms and explain the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Léo Saulières

Using privileged information during training can improve the sample efficiency and performance of machine learning systems. This paradigm has been applied to reinforcement learning (RL), primarily in the form of distillation or auxiliary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Pierre-Alexandre Kamienny , Kai Arulkumaran , Feryal Behbahani , Wendelin Boehmer , Shimon Whiteson

Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables an intelligent agent to optimise its performance in a task by continuously taking action from an observed state and receiving a feedback from the environment in form of rewards. RL typically uses tables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Alberto Castagna