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This paper presents a flexible and modular control scheme based on distributed model predictive control (DMPC) to achieve optimal operation of decentralized energy systems in smart grids. The proposed approach is used to coordinate multiple…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-08-05 Paul Stadler , Araz Ashouri , Francois Marechal

Inverter-based resources (IBRs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in power systems. Due to the inherently low inertia of inverters, there is a heightened risk of disruptive voltage oscillations. A particular challenge in the operation of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-21 Zixiao Ma , Baosen Zhang

The virtual synchronous generator technology analogs the characteristics of the synchronous generator via the controller design. It improved the stability of the grid systems which include the new energy. At the same time, according to the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-10 Hai-Peng Ren , Qi Chen , Liang-Liang Zhang , Jie Li

The increasing integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in distribution networks presents new challenges for voltage regulation and reactive power support. This paper extends a sensitivity-aware reactive power dispatch algorithm…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Mohammad Almomani , Ahmed Alkhonain , Venkataramana Ajjarapu

Power grid frequency control is a demanding task requiring expensive idle power plants to adapt the supply to the fluctuating demand. An alternative approach is controlling the demand side in such a way that certain appliances modify their…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-08-09 E. B. Tchawou Tchuisseu , D. Gomila , D. Brunner , P. Colet

We consider the problem of stability analysis for distribution grids with droop-controlled inverters and dynamic distribution power lines. The inverters are modeled as voltage sources with controllable frequency and amplitude. This problem…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-27 Stefanos Baros , Christoforos N. Hadjicostis , Francis O'Sullivan

With more inverter-based resources (IBRs), our power systems have lower frequency nadirs following N-1 contingencies, and undesired under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) can occur. To address this challenge, IBRs can be programmed to provide…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-29 Shuan Dong , Xin Fang , Jin Tan , Ningchao Gao , Xiaofan Cui , Anderson Hoke

Power systems dominated by converter-interfaced distributed energy resources (DERs) typically exhibit weaker damping capabilities and lower inertia, compromising system stability. Although individual DER controllers are evolving to provide…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-21 Cheng Feng , Linbin Huang , Xiuqiang He , Yi Wang , Florian Dörfler , Chongqing Kang

Implementing frequency response using grid-connected inverters is one of the popular proposed alternatives to mitigate the dynamic degradation experienced in low inertia power systems. However, such solution faces several challenges as…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-05-02 Yan Jiang , Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

This paper presents a distributed frequency control method for power grids with high penetration of inverter-connected resources under low and time-varying inertia due to renewable energy (RE). We provide a distributed virtual inertia (VI)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-20 Manasa Muralidharan , Jan Kleissl , Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez

Introduction of renewable generation leads to significant reduction of inertia in power system, which deteriorates the quality of frequency control. This paper suggests a new control scheme utilizing controllable load to deal with low…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Oleg O. Khamisov , Janusz W. Bialek , Anatoly Dymarsky

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology has played a crucial role for long-distance transmission of renewable power generation. However, the integration of large-capacity HVDC lines introduces significant frequency security challenges…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-13 Yiliu He , Haiwang Zhong , Grant Ruan , Yan Xu , Chongqing Kang

The growing integration of renewable energy sources into distribution networks poses significant challenges to frequency and voltage stability due to their intermittent nature and low-inertia dynamics. This paper proposes a multilevel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Xian Wu , Jan H. van Schuppen , Hai Xiang Lin

In this paper, a novel approach to define the optimal bidding of renewable-only virtual power plants (RVPPs) in the day-ahead, secondary reserve, and intra-day markets is proposed. To this aim, a robust optimization algorithm is developed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-20 Hadi Nemati , Pedro Sánchez-Martín , Álvaro Ortega , Lukas Sigrist , Enrique Lobato , Luis Rouco

Dynamic state estimation (DSE) is becoming increasingly important for monitoring inverter-dominated power systems. Due to their cascading control structures, inverter-based resources (IBRs) exhibit multi-timescale dynamics, leading to stiff…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-22 Xingyu Zhao , Marcos Netto , Junbo Zhao

In the transition toward a sustainable power system, renewable-based Virtual Power Plants (RVPPs) have emerged as a promising solution to the challenges of integrating renewable energy sources into electricity markets. Their viability,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-15 Hadi Nemati , Álvaro Ortega , Pedro Sánchez-Martín , Lukas Sigrist , Luis Rouco , Ignacio Egido

A precise estimation of the Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) is crucial for secure power system operation. In fact, RoCoF is strictly related to the amount of the available physical and/or virtual inertia of the system and the severity…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-06 Gutierrez-Florensa , F. Sanniti , D. Tedeschi , L. Sigrist , A. Ortega , F. Milano

Inverter-dominated microgrids are quickly becoming a key building block of future power systems. They rely on centralized controllers that can provide reliability and resiliency in extreme events. Nonetheless, communication failures due to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-11 Siddharth Bhela , Abhishek Banerjee , Ulrich Muenz , Joachim Bamberger

Rotational inertia is stabilizing the frequency of electric power systems against small and large disturbances, but it is also the cause for oscillations between generators. As more and more conventional generators are replaced by renewable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-10 Theodor Borsche , Florian Dörfler

The rapidly transforming electric power distribution system due to the integration of distributed energy resources(DERs) specifically roof-top photovoltaic (PV) generation may lead to significant operational challenges. In this paper, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-10 Rahul Ranjan Jha , Anamika Dubey