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Third-party cookies have been a privacy concern since cookies were first developed in the mid 1990s, but more strict cookie policies were only introduced by Internet browser vendors in the early 2010s. More recently, due to regulatory…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Mário S. Alvim , Natasha Fernandes , Annabelle McIver , Gabriel H. Nunes

Web-based chatbots provide website owners with the benefits of increased sales, immediate response to their customers, and insight into customer behaviour. While Web-based chatbots are getting popular, they have not received much scrutiny…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Nazar Waheed , Muhammad Ikram , Saad Sajid Hashmi , Xiangjian He , Priyadarsi Nanda

Modern browsers implement different security policies such as the Content Security Policy (CSP), a mechanism designed to mitigate popular web vulnerabilities, and the Same Origin Policy (SOP), a mechanism that governs interactions between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-23 Dolière Francis Somé , Nataliia Bielova , Tamara Rezk

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) went into effect on May 25, 2018. Its privacy regulations apply to any service and company collecting or processing personal data in Europe. Many companies had to adjust their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Martin Degeling , Christine Utz , Christopher Lentzsch , Henry Hosseini , Florian Schaub , Thorsten Holz

Browser fingerprinting is an invasive and opaque stateless tracking technique. Browser vendors, academics, and standards bodies have long struggled to provide meaningful protections against browser fingerprinting that are both accurate and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Umar Iqbal , Steven Englehardt , Zubair Shafiq

Tag Management Systems were developed in order to support website publishers in installing multiple third-party JavaScript scripts (Tags) on their websites. Google developed its own TMS called ``Google Tag Manager'' (GTM) that is currently…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Gilles Mertens , Nataliia Bielova , Vincent Roca , Cristiana Santos

Third party advertising and tracking (A&T) are pervasive across the web, yet user exposure varies significantly with browser choice, browsing location, and hosting jurisdiction. We systematically study how these three factors shape tracking…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Tanya Prasad , Rut Vora , Soo Yee Lim , Nguyen Phong Hoang , Thomas Pasquier

Different countries have different privacy regulatory models. These models impact the perspectives and laws surrounding internet privacy. However, little is known about how effective the regulatory models are when it comes to limiting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-06-15 Nathaniel Fruchter , Hsin Miao , Scott Stevenson , Rebecca Balebako

Modern websites heavily rely on JavaScript (JS) to implement legitimate functionality as well as privacy-invasive advertising and tracking. Browser extensions such as NoScript block any script not loaded by a trusted list of endpoints, thus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Abdul Haddi Amjad , Zubair Shafiq , Muhammad Ali Gulzar

Most websites offer their content for free, though this gratuity often comes with a counterpart: personal data is collected to finance these websites by resorting, mostly, to tracking and thus targeted advertising. Cookie walls and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Victor Morel , Cristiana Santos , Yvonne Lintao , Soheil Human

Password-based authentication faces various security and usability issues. Password managers help alleviate some of these issues by enabling users to manage their passwords effectively. However, malicious client-side scripts and browser…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Anuj Gautam , Tarun Kumar Yadav , Kent Seamons , Scott Ruoti

Revelations of large scale electronic surveillance and data mining by governments and corporations have fueled increased adoption of HTTPS. We present a traffic analysis attack against over 6000 webpages spanning the HTTPS deployments of 10…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-03-04 Brad Miller , Ling Huang , A. D. Joseph , J. D. Tygar

To what extent are users surveilled on the web, by what technologies, and by whom? We answer these questions by combining passively observed, anonymized browsing data of a large, representative sample of Americans with domain-level data on…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-01 Lucas Shen , Gaurav Sood

To comply with data protection regulations such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), websites widely deploy cookie consent banners to collect users' privacy preferences. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Nivedita Singh , Seyoung Jin , Hyoungshick Kim

To protect users' privacy, legislators have regulated the usage of tracking technologies, mandating the acquisition of users' consent before collecting data. Consequently, websites started showing more and more consent management modules --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Nikhil Jha , Martino Trevisan , Luca Vassio , Marco Mellia

We present a simple yet potentially devastating and hard-to-detect threat, called Gummy Browsers, whereby the browser fingerprinting information can be collected and spoofed without the victim's awareness, thereby compromising the privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Zengrui Liu , Prakash Shrestha , Nitesh Saxena

Tracking pixels are used to optimize online ad campaigns through personalization, re-targeting, and conversion tracking. Past research has primarily focused on detecting the prevalence of tracking pixels on the web, with limited attention…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Abdullah Ghani , Yash Vekaria , Zubair Shafiq

We identify class of covert channels in browsers that are not mitigated by current defenses, which we call "pool-party" attacks. Pool-party attacks allow sites to create covert channels by manipulating limited-but-unpartitioned resource…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Peter Snyder , Soroush Karami , Arthur Edelstein , Benjamin Livshits , Hamed Haddadi

Third-party tracking is common on almost all commercially operated websites. Prior work has studied in detail the extent of third-party tracking on the web, detection of third-party trackers, and defending against third-party tracking.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-11-18 Matius Chairani , Mathieu Chevalley , Abderrahmane Lazraq , Sruti Bhagavatula

While privacy-focused browsers have taken steps to block third-party cookies and mitigate browser fingerprinting, novel tracking techniques that can bypass existing countermeasures continue to emerge. Since trackers need to share…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Shaoor Munir , Patrick Lee , Umar Iqbal , Zubair Shafiq , Sandra Siby