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Social media users may perceive moderation decisions by the platform differently, which can lead to frustration and dropout. This study investigates users' perceived justice and fairness of online moderation decisions when they are exposed…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jie Cai , Aashka Patel , Azadeh Naderi , Donghee Yvette Wohn

Accurate detection and classification of online hate is a difficult task. Implicit hate is particularly challenging as such content tends to have unusual syntax, polysemic words, and fewer markers of prejudice (e.g., slurs). This problem is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Austin Botelho , Bertie Vidgen , Scott A. Hale

Content moderation is the process of flagging content based on pre-defined platform rules. There has been a growing need for AI moderators to safeguard users as well as protect the mental health of human moderators from traumatic content.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Meng Ye , Karan Sikka , Katherine Atwell , Sabit Hassan , Ajay Divakaran , Malihe Alikhani

Accurately estimating how users respond to moderation interventions is paramount for developing effective and user-centred moderation strategies. However, this requires a clear understanding of which user characteristics are associated with…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Benedetta Tessa , Alejandro Moreo , Stefano Cresci , Tiziano Fagni , Fabrizio Sebastiani

Online platforms face the challenge of moderating an ever-increasing volume of content, including harmful hate speech. In the absence of clear legal definitions and a lack of transparency regarding the role of algorithms in shaping…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-21 David Hartmann , Amin Oueslati , Dimitri Staufer

Social media platforms have been establishing content moderation guidelines and employing various moderation policies to counter hate speech and misinformation. The goal of this paper is to study these community guidelines and moderation…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Mohit Singhal , Chen Ling , Pujan Paudel , Poojitha Thota , Nihal Kumarswamy , Gianluca Stringhini , Shirin Nilizadeh

The rise of hate speech on online platforms has led to an urgent need for effective content moderation. However, the subjective and multi-faceted nature of hateful online content, including implicit hate speech, poses significant challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Uma Gunturi , Xiaohan Ding , Eugenia H. Rho

In machine learning, temporal shifts occur when there are differences between training and test splits in terms of time. For streaming data such as news or social media, models are commonly trained on a fixed corpus from a certain period of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Asahi Ushio , Jose Camacho-Collados

When users on social media share content without considering its veracity, they may unwittingly be spreading misinformation. In this work, we investigate the design of lightweight interventions that nudge users to assess the accuracy of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Farnaz Jahanbakhsh , Amy X. Zhang , Adam J. Berinsky , Gordon Pennycook , David G. Rand , David R. Karger

Natural language processing (NLP) models often replicate or amplify social bias from training data, raising concerns about fairness. At the same time, their black-box nature makes it difficult for users to recognize biased predictions and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yifan Wang , Mayank Jobanputra , Ji-Ung Lee , Soyoung Oh , Isabel Valera , Vera Demberg

User-generated content (UGC) on social media platforms is vulnerable to incitements and manipulations, necessitating effective regulations. To address these challenges, those platforms often deploy automated content moderators tasked with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Saba Ahmadi , Avrim Blum , Haifeng Xu , Fan Yao

With the proliferation of social media, accurate detection of hate speech has become critical to ensure safety online. To combat nuanced forms of hate speech, it is important to identify and thoroughly explain hate speech to help users…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Yongjin Yang , Joonkee Kim , Yujin Kim , Namgyu Ho , James Thorne , Se-young Yun

Online communities have gained considerable importance in recent years due to the increasing number of people connected to the Internet. Moderating user content in online communities is mainly performed manually, and reducing the workload…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-01-16 Etienne Papegnies , Vincent Labatut , Richard Dufour , Georges Linares

The ability of Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods to categorize text into multiple classes has motivated their use in online content moderation tasks, such as hate speech and fake news detection. However, there is limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Neemesh Yadav , Jiarui Liu , Francesco Ortu , Roya Ensafi , Zhijing Jin , Rada Mihalcea

WhatsApp groups have become a hotbed for the propagation of harmful content including misinformation, hate speech, polarizing content, and rumors, especially in Global South countries. Given the platform's end-to-end encryption, moderation…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Dhruv Agarwal , Farhana Shahid , Aditya Vashistha

The advent of social media has given rise to numerous ethical challenges, with hate speech among the most significant concerns. Researchers are attempting to tackle this problem by leveraging hate-speech detection and employing language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Pranath Reddy Kumbam , Sohaib Uddin Syed , Prashanth Thamminedi , Suhas Harish , Ian Perera , Bonnie J. Dorr

Counterspeech offers a non-repressive approach to moderate hate speech in online communities. Research has examined how counterspeech chatbots restrain hate speakers and support targets, but their impact on bystanders remains unclear.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Mengyao Wang , Shuai Ma , Nuo Li , Peng Zhang , Chenxin Li , Ning Gu , Tun Lu

Online hate on social media ranges from overt slurs and threats (\emph{hard hate speech}) to \emph{soft hate speech}: discourse that appears reasonable on the surface but uses framing and value-based arguments to steer audiences toward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xuanyu Su , Diana Inkpen , Nathalie Japkowicz

Hate speech is plaguing the cyberspace along with user-generated content. This paper investigates the role of conversational context in the annotation and detection of online hate and counter speech, where context is defined as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Xinchen Yu , Eduardo Blanco , Lingzi Hong

Effective content moderation systems require explicit classification criteria, yet online communities like subreddits often operate with diverse, implicit standards. This work introduces a novel approach to identify and extract these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Youngwoo Kim , Himanshu Beniwal , Steven L. Johnson , Thomas Hartvigsen