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Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) have emerged as a transformative technology for enhancing wireless communication by intelligently manipulating the propagation environment. Its interconnected elements offer…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Wali Ullah Khan , Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which enables advanced wave control through interconnection of RIS elements, are gaining growing recognition as a promising technology for 6G and beyond. However, the enhanced…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-30 Xiaohua Zhou , Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao , Bruno Clerckx

This work studies the modeling and optimization of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) aided wireless communication systems in the presence of mutual coupling among the RIS elements. Specifically, we first derive the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Matteo Nerini , Marco Di Renzo , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), with the potential to realize a smart radio environment, have emerged as an energy-efficient and a cost-effective technology to support the services and demands foreseen for coming decades. By…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Sarah Basharat , Syed Ali Hassan , Haris Pervaiz , Aamir Mahmood , Zhiguo Ding , Mikael Gidlund

A potential candidate technology for the development of future 6G networks has been recognized as Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS). However, due to the variation in radio link quality, traditional passive RISs only accomplish a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-26 Rashed Hasan Ratul , Muhammad Iqbal , Tabinda Ashraf , Jen-Yi Pan , Yi-Han Wang , Shao-Yu Lien

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) generalizes and goes beyond conventional diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (D-RIS) by interconnecting elements to generate beyond diagonal scattering matrices, which…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-14 Hamad Yahya , Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx , Merouane Debbah

Integrating BD-RIS into wireless communications systems has attracted significant interest due to its transformative potential in enhancing system performance. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of BD-RIS technology, examining…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Omar Maraqa , Majid H. Khoshafa , Olutayo O. Oyerinde , Telex M. N. Ngatched

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) is a new advance in RIS techniques that introduces reconfigurable inter-element connections to generate scattering matrices not limited to being diagonal. BD-RIS has been recently…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-08 Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) have recently gained attention as an enhancement to conventional RISs. BD-RISs allow optimizing not only the phase, but also the amplitude responses of their discrete surface…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-27 Atso Iivanainen , Robin Rajamäki , Visa Koivunen

This paper investigates the use of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) with $N$ elements to advance integrated sensing and communication (ISAC). We address a key gap in the statistical characterizations of the radar…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-19 Thanh Luan Nguyen , Georges Kaddoum , Bassant Selim , Chadi Assi

We consider reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) aided sixth-generation (6G) terahertz (THz) communications for indoor environment in which a base station (BS) wishes to send independent messages to its serving users with the help of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Najam Us Saqib , Shumei Hou , Sung Ho Chae , Sang-Woon Jeon

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-empowered communication is one of the promising 6G technologies that allows the conversion of the wireless channel into an intelligent transmit entity by manipulating the impinging waves using…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-01 I. Yildirim , A. Uyrus , E. Basar

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising technology to enhance the spectral and energy efficiency in a wireless communication system. The design of the phase shifts of an RIS in every channel coherence interval demands a huge…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-15 Sadaf Syed , Dominik Semmler , Donia Ben Amor , Michael Joham , Wolfgang Utschick

The shift toward sixth-generation (6G) wireless communications demands transceiver architectures that simultaneously support high-data-rate communications, pervasive sensing, and sub-meter-level localization. Beyond these performance…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-12 Mahmoud Raeisi , Ayoub Ammar Boudjelal , Henk Wymeersch , Ertugrul Basar , Huseyin Arslan

The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising technology to provide smart radio environment. In contrast to the well-studied patch-array-based RISs, this work focuses on the metasurface-based RISs and simultaneously…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-08 Jiaqi Xu , Xidong Mu , Yuanwei Liu

Although reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can improve the performance of wireless networks by smartly reconfiguring the radio environment, existing passive RISs face two key challenges, i.e., double-fading attenuation and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-05 Wen Wang , Wanli Ni , Hui Tian , Naofal Al-Dhahir

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can improve the capacity of wireless communication links by passively beamforming the impinging signals in desired directions. This feature has been demonstrated both analytically and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-23 Emil Björnson , Özlem Tuğfe Demir

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has been receiving a notable interest as an energy- and spectrum-efficient enabler for simultaneous communication and sensing. Notably, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is among the key…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Elmehdi Illi , Marwa Qaraqe

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been envisioned as a key technology in future wireless communication networks to enable smart radio environment. To further enhance the passive beamforming capability of RIS, beyond diagonal…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Ziang Liu , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

This work studies the wideband modeling and beamforming design of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which generalizes and goes beyond conventional RIS with diagonal phase shift matrices to achieve enhanced channel…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx