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We present a fully on-device streaming Speech2Speech conversion model that normalizes a given input speech directly to synthesized output speech. Deploying such a model on mobile devices pose significant challenges in terms of memory…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-26 Oleg Rybakov , Fadi Biadsy , Xia Zhang , Liyang Jiang , Phoenix Meadowlark , Shivani Agrawal

Direct speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) is an attractive research topic with many advantages compared to cascaded S2ST. However, direct S2ST suffers from the data scarcity problem because the corpora from speech of the source language to…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Kun Wei , Long Zhou , Ziqiang Zhang , Liping Chen , Shujie Liu , Lei He , Jinyu Li , Furu Wei

We present a direct speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) model that translates speech from one language to speech in another language without relying on intermediate text generation. We tackle the problem by first applying a self-supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Ann Lee , Peng-Jen Chen , Changhan Wang , Jiatao Gu , Sravya Popuri , Xutai Ma , Adam Polyak , Yossi Adi , Qing He , Yun Tang , Juan Pino , Wei-Ning Hsu

Speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) converts input speech to speech in another language. A challenge of delivering S2ST in real time is the accumulated delay between the translation and speech synthesis modules. While recently incremental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Danni Liu , Changhan Wang , Hongyu Gong , Xutai Ma , Yun Tang , Juan Pino

Recently proposed two-pass direct speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) models decompose the task into speech-to-text translation (S2TT) and text-to-speech (TTS) within an end-to-end model, yielding promising results. However, the training of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Qingkai Fang , Shaolei Zhang , Zhengrui Ma , Min Zhang , Yang Feng

Speech-aware language models (LMs) have demonstrated capabilities in understanding spoken language while generating text-based responses. However, enabling them to produce speech output efficiently and effectively remains a challenge. In…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-12 Yuxuan Hu , Haibin Wu , Ruchao Fan , Xiaofei Wang , Heng Lu , Yao Qian , Jinyu Li

End-to-end speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) without relying on intermediate text representations is a rapidly emerging frontier of research. Recent works have demonstrated that the performance of such direct S2ST systems is approaching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Ye Jia , Yifan Ding , Ankur Bapna , Colin Cherry , Yu Zhang , Alexis Conneau , Nobuyuki Morioka

Simultaneous text translation and end-to-end speech translation have recently made great progress but little work has combined these tasks together. We investigate how to adapt simultaneous text translation methods such as wait-k and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Xutai Ma , Juan Pino , Philipp Koehn

Simultaneous speech translation (SimulST) translates partial speech inputs incrementally. Although the monotonic correspondence between input and output is preferable for smaller latency, it is not the case for distant language pairs such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yuka Ko , Ryo Fukuda , Yuta Nishikawa , Yasumasa Kano , Katsuhito Sudoh , Satoshi Nakamura

This paper introduces a cross-lingual dubbing system that translates speech from one language to another while preserving key characteristics such as duration, speaker identity, and speaking speed. Despite the strong translation quality of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Jeongsoo Choi , Jaehun Kim , Joon Son Chung

Direct speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) with discrete self-supervised representations has achieved remarkable accuracy, but is unable to preserve the speaker timbre of the source speech. Meanwhile, the scarcity of high-quality…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Yongqi Wang , Jionghao Bai , Rongjie Huang , Ruiqi Li , Zhiqing Hong , Zhou Zhao

In simultaneous speech translation (SimulST), finding the best trade-off between high translation quality and low latency is a challenging task. To meet the latency constraints posed by the different application scenarios, multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Sara Papi , Marco Gaido , Matteo Negri , Marco Turchi

Simultaneous speech translation (SimulST) systems must balance translation quality with response time, making latency measurement crucial for evaluating their real-world performance. However, there has been a longstanding belief that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Xi Xu , Wenda Xu , Siqi Ouyang , Lei Li

With the increased audiovisualisation of communication, the need for live subtitles in multilingual events is more relevant than ever. In an attempt to automatise the process, we aim at exploring the feasibility of simultaneous speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Alina Karakanta , Sara Papi , Matteo Negri , Marco Turchi

Direct speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) has gradually become popular as it has many advantages compared with cascade S2ST. However, current research mainly focuses on the accuracy of semantic translation and ignores the speech style…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Kun Song , Yi Ren , Yi Lei , Chunfeng Wang , Kun Wei , Lei Xie , Xiang Yin , Zejun Ma

Simultaneous machine translation (SimulMT) presents a challenging trade-off between translation quality and latency. Recent studies have shown that LLMs can achieve good performance in SimulMT tasks. However, this often comes at the expense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Minghan Wang , Thuy-Trang Vu , Yuxia Wang , Ehsan Shareghi , Gholamreza Haffari

Streaming Speech-to-Text Translation (StreamST) requires producing translations concurrently with incoming speech, imposing strict latency constraints and demanding models that balance partial-information decision-making with high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Marco Gaido , Sara Papi , Mauro Cettolo , Matteo Negri , Luisa Bentivogli

Speech-to-Speech Translation (S2ST) refers to the conversion of speech in one language into semantically equivalent speech in another language, facilitating communication between speakers of different languages. Speech-to-Discrete Unit…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Rui Zhou , Akinori Ito , Takashi Nose

Direct Speech-to-Speech Translation (S2ST) has gained increasing attention for its ability to translate speech from one language to another, while reducing error propagation and latency inherent in traditional cascaded pipelines. However,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Lalaram Arya , Mrinmoy Bhattacharjee , Adarsh C. R. , S. R. Mahadeva Prasanna

Direct speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) is among the most challenging problems in the translation paradigm due to the significant scarcity of S2ST data. While effort has been made to increase the data size from unlabeled speech by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Sravya Popuri , Changhan Wang , Yun Tang , Ilia Kulikov , Hongyu Gong