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Encrypted traffic classification is the task of identifying the application or service associated with encrypted network traffic. One effective approach for this task is to use deep learning methods to encode the raw traffic bytes directly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Wei Peng , Lei Cui , Wei Cai , Zhenquan Ding , Zhiyu Hao , Xiaochun Yun

As the size and source of network traffic increase, so does the challenge of monitoring and analysing network traffic. Therefore, sampling algorithms are often used to alleviate these scalability issues. However, the use of high entropy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Fran Casino , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo , Constantinos Patsakis

Encrypted traffic classification is a critical task for network security. While deep learning has advanced this field, the occlusion of payload semantics by encryption severely challenges standard modeling approaches. Most existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Qing He , Xiaowei Fu , Lei Zhang

Encrypted traffic classification requires discriminative and robust traffic representation captured from content-invisible and imbalanced traffic data for accurate classification, which is challenging but indispensable to achieve network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Xinjie Lin , Gang Xiong , Gaopeng Gou , Zhen Li , Junzheng Shi , Jing Yu

With the growing significance of network security, the classification of encrypted traffic has emerged as an urgent challenge. Traditional byte-based traffic analysis methods are constrained by the rigid granularity of information and fail…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Haozhen Zhang , Haodong Yue , Xi Xiao , Le Yu , Qing Li , Zhen Ling , Ye Zhang

Community detection in attributed networks faces a fundamental divide: topological algorithms ignore semantic features, while Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) encounter devastating computational bottlenecks. Specifically, GNNs suffer from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Emilio Ferrara

Traffic classification, a technique for assigning network flows to predefined categories, has been widely deployed in enterprise and carrier networks. With the massive adoption of mobile devices, encryption is increasingly used in mobile…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Kun Qiu , Ying Wang , Baoqian Li , Wenjun Zhu

Encrypted network traffic Classification tackles the problem from different approaches and with different goals. One of the common approaches is using Machine learning or Deep Learning-based solutions on a fixed number of classes, leading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Amir Lukach , Ran Dubin , Amit Dvir , Chen Hajaj

Network traffic classification is an important part of network monitoring and network management. Three traditional methods for network traffic classification are flow-based, session-based, and packet-based, while flow-based and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yahui Hu , Ziqian Zeng , Junping Song , Luyang Xu , Xu Zhou

Traffic classification on programmable data plane holds great promise for line-rate processing, with methods evolving from per-packet to flow-level analysis for higher accuracy. However, a trade-off between accuracy and efficiency persists.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Minyuan Xiao , Yunchun Li , Yuchen Zhao , Tong Guan , Mingyuan Xia , Wei Li

Mobile Internet has profoundly reshaped modern lifestyles in various aspects. Encrypted Traffic Classification (ETC) naturally plays a crucial role in managing mobile Internet, especially with the explosive growth of mobile apps using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Xiang Li , Juncheng Guo , Qige Song , Jiang Xie , Yafei Sang , Shuyuan Zhao , Yongzheng Zhang

Accurate and efficient network traffic classification is important for many network management tasks, from traffic prioritization to anomaly detection. Although classifiers using pre-computed flow statistics (e.g., packet sizes,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Xi Jiang , Shinan Liu , Saloua Naama , Francesco Bronzino , Paul Schmitt , Nick Feamster

In this paper, we present a novel encrypted traffic classification model that operates directly on raw PCAP data without requiring prior assumptions about traffic type. Unlike existing methods, it is generalizable across multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Federica Bianchi , Edoardo Di Paolo , Angelo Spognardi

Test-time reinforcement learning generates multiple candidate answers via repeated rollouts and performs online updates using pseudo-labels constructed by majority voting. To reduce overhead and improve exploration, prior work introduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chu Zhao , Enneng Yang , Yuting Liu , Jianzhe Zhao , Guibing Guo

Deep learning (DL) has been successfully applied to encrypted network traffic classification in experimental settings. However, in production use, it has been shown that a DL classifier's performance inevitably decays over time. Re-training…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Navid Malekghaini , Elham Akbari , Mohammad A. Salahuddin , Noura Limam , Raouf Boutaba , Bertrand Mathieu , Stephanie Moteau , Stephane Tuffin

Encrypted traffic classification is highly challenging in network security due to the need for extracting robust features from content-agnostic traffic data. Existing approaches face critical issues: (i) Distribution drift, caused by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xinjie Lin , Gang Xiong , Gaopeng Gou , Wenqi Dong , Jing Yu , Zhen Li , Wei Xia

Environment Sound Classification has been a well-studied research problem in the field of signal processing and up till now more focus has been laid on fully supervised approaches. Over the last few years, focus has moved towards…

Accurate traffic congestion classification requires models that jointly capture roadway scene context and non-stationary traffic motion, yet most prior work treats these requirements in isolation. Vision-based methods often depend on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Eugene Kofi Okrah Denteh , Blessing Agyei Kyem , Joshua Kofi Asamoah , Armstrong Aboah

Encrypted traffic classification aims to identify applications or services by analyzing network traffic data. One of the critical challenges is the continuous emergence of new applications, which generates Out-of-Distribution (OOD) traffic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Zihao Wang , Wei Peng , Junming Zhang , Jian Li , Wenxin Fang

With more encrypted network traffic gets involved in the Internet, how to effectively identify network traffic has become a top priority in the field. Accurate identification of the network traffic is the footstone of basic network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Yi Zeng , Zihao Qi , Wencheng Chen , Yanzhe Huang , Xingxin Zheng , Han Qiu
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