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With the continuous development of network environments and technologies, ensuring cyber security and governance is increasingly challenging. Network traffic classification(ETC) can analyzes attributes such as application categories and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Tian Qin , Guang Cheng , Zihan Chen , Yuyang Zhou

Internet of Things (IoT) defines a network of devices connected to the internet and sharing a massive amount of data between each other and a central location. These IoT devices are connected to a network therefore prone to attacks. Various…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Muhammad Basit Umair , Zeshan Iqbal , Muhammad Bilal , Tarik Adnan Almohamad , Jamel Nebhen , Raja Majid Mehmood

Traffic classification is vital for cybersecurity, yet encrypted traffic poses significant challenges. We present PacketCLIP, a multi-modal framework combining packet data with natural language semantics through contrastive pretraining and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Ryozo Masukawa , Sanggeon Yun , Sungheon Jeong , Wenjun Huang , Yang Ni , Ian Bryant , Nathaniel D. Bastian , Mohsen Imani

Network traffic includes data transmitted across a network, such as web browsing and file transfers, and is organized into packets (small units of data) and flows (sequences of packets exchanged between two endpoints). Classifying encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Xu-Yang Chen , Lu Han , De-Chuan Zhan , Han-Jia Ye

We present a data structure that stores a sequence $s[1..n]$ over alphabet $[1..\sigma]$ in $n\Ho(s) + o(n)(\Ho(s){+}1)$ bits, where $\Ho(s)$ is the zero-order entropy of $s$. This structure supports the queries \access, \rank\ and \select,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-04-03 Jeremy Barbay , Francisco Claude , Travis Gagie , Gonzalo Navarro , Yakov Nekrich

Traffic classification has been studied for two decades and applied to a wide range of applications from QoS provisioning and billing in ISPs to security-related applications in firewalls and intrusion detection systems. Port-based, data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Shahbaz Rezaei , Xin Liu

Network traffic classification that is widely applicable and highly accurate is valuable for many network security and management tasks. A flexible and easily configurable classification framework is ideal, as it can be customized for use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jiahui Chen , Joe Breen , Jeff M. Phillips , Jacobus Van der Merwe

The rapid growth of encryption has significantly enhanced privacy and security while posing challenges for network traffic classification. Recent approaches address these challenges by transforming network traffic into text or image formats…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Nimesha Wickramasinghe , Arash Shaghaghi , Elena Ferrari , Sanjay Jha

While pre-trained large models have achieved state-of-the-art performance in network traffic analysis, their prohibitive computational costs hinder deployment in real-time, throughput-sensitive network defense environments. This work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Jiajun Zhou , Changhui Sun , Meng Shen , Shanqing Yu , Qi Xuan

Network traffic classification, a task to classify network traffic and identify its type, is the most fundamental step to improve network services and manage modern networks. Classical machine learning and deep learning method have…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Yao Peng , Meirong He , Yu Wang

Numerous Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) solvers have been proposed to address Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs). However, most of these solvers focus exclusively on single-vehicle VRP variants, overlooking the more realistic min-max…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xuan Wu , Di Wang , Chunguo Wu , Kaifang Qi , Chunyan Miao , Yubin Xiao , Jian Zhang , You Zhou

Traffic classification is crucial for securing Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Deep learning-based methods can autonomously extract latent patterns from massive network traffic, demonstrating significant potential for IoT traffic…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Fengyuan Nie , Guangjie Liu , Weiwei Liu , Jianan Huang , Bo Gao

Classifying network traffic according to their application-layer protocols is an important task in modern networks for traffic management and network security. Existing payload-based or statistical methods of application identification…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2011-05-31 Fei He , Fan Xiang , Yibo Xue , Jun Li

Class-of-service (CoS) network traffic classification (NTC) classifies a group of similar traffic applications. The CoS classification is advantageous in resource scheduling for Internet service providers and avoids the necessity of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-04 Yoga Suhas Kuruba Manjunath , Sihao Zhao , Hatem Abou-zeid , Akram Bin Sediq , Ramy Atawia , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Researchers have presented systems for efficiently analysing video data at scale using sampling algorithms. While these systems effectively leverage the temporal redundancy present in videos, they suffer from three limitations. First, they…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Jaeho Bang , Pramod Chunduri , Joy Arulraj

Reliable identification of encrypted file fragments is a requirement for several security applications, including ransomware detection, digital forensics, and traffic analysis. A popular approach consists of estimating high entropy as a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Fabio De Gaspari , Dorjan Hitaj , Giulio Pagnotta , Lorenzo De Carli , Luigi V. Mancini

In this paper, we present a novel method for co-clustering, an unsupervised learning approach that aims at discovering homogeneous groups of data instances and features by grouping them simultaneously. The proposed method uses the entropy…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-05-22 Charlotte Laclau , Ievgen Redko , Basarab Matei , Younès Bennani , Vincent Brault

In deep neural networks, better results can often be obtained by increasing the complexity of previously developed basic models. However, it is unclear whether there is a way to boost performance by decreasing the complexity of such models.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Junran Wu , Jianhao Li , Yicheng Pan , Ke Xu

High performance packet classification is a key component to support scalable network applications like firewalls, intrusion detection, and differentiated services. With ever increasing in the line-rate in core networks, it becomes a great…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Hasibul Jamil , Ning Weng

Pervasive encryption makes large-scale labeling infeasible for traffic analysis, while security operations demand edge analysis to avert service degradation and further vulnerabilities. These pressures have produced two disjoint research…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Chungang Lin , Xuying Meng , Tianyu Zuo , Weiyao Zhang , Meng Shen , Ruijie Zhao , Guanming Che , Ruiqi Meng , Ziyue Huang , Haitong Luo , Zhiwei Xu , Yujun Zhang