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Though large language models (LLMs) have enabled great success across a wide variety of tasks, they still appear to fall short of one of the loftier goals of artificial intelligence research: creating an artificial system that can adapt its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Michael A. Lepori , Tal Linzen , Ann Yuan , Katja Filippova

Vision Language Models (VLMs) offer the exciting possibility of processing text as rendered images, bypassing the need for tokenizing the text into long token sequences. Since VLM image encoders map fixed-size images to a fixed number of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Roy Xie , Dan Friedman , Donghan Yu , Bowen Pan , Christopher Fifty , Jang-Hyun Kim , Xianzhi Du , Zhe Gan , Vivek Rathod , Bhuwan Dhingra

Effectively processing long contexts is a critical challenge for language models. While standard Transformers are limited by quadratic complexity and poor length extrapolation, alternative architectures like sliding window attention and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jiaqi Leng , Xiang Hu , Junxiong Wang , Jianguo Li , Wei Wu , Yucheng Lu

While modern Transformer-based language models (LMs) have achieved major success in multi-task generalization, they often struggle to capture long-range dependencies within their context window. This work introduces a novel approach using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Alok N. Shah , Khush Gupta , Keshav Ramji , Pratik Chaudhari

In this paper, we demonstrate that an inherent waveform pattern in the attention allocation of large language models (LLMs) significantly affects their performance in tasks demanding a high degree of context awareness, such as utilizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Yuhan Chen , Ang Lv , Ting-En Lin , Changyu Chen , Yuchuan Wu , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Rui Yan

Large language models (LLMs) have received significant attention by achieving remarkable performance across various tasks. However, their fixed context length poses challenges when processing long documents or maintaining extended…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Yucheng Li

Large language models (LLMs) based on the Transformer architecture usually have their context length limited due to the high training cost. Recent advancements extend the context window by adjusting the scaling factors of RoPE and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Lei Yang , Shaoyang Xu , Jianxiang Peng , Shaolin Zhu , Deyi Xiong

We analyze how large language models (LLMs) represent out-of-context words, investigating their reliance on the given context to capture their semantics. Our likelihood-guided text perturbations reveal a correlation between token likelihood…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Valeria Ruscio , Valentino Maiorca , Fabrizio Silvestri

Large language models (LLMs) are commonly trained on datasets consisting of fixed-length token sequences. These datasets are created by randomly concatenating documents of various lengths and then chunking them into sequences of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Hadi Pouransari , Chun-Liang Li , Jen-Hao Rick Chang , Pavan Kumar Anasosalu Vasu , Cem Koc , Vaishaal Shankar , Oncel Tuzel

The advent of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) has significantly enhanced Large Language Models (LLMs) to process and interpret diverse data modalities (e.g., image and video). However, as input complexity increases, particularly with long…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Shilin Yan , Jiaming Han , Joey Tsai , Hongwei Xue , Rongyao Fang , Lingyi Hong , Ziyu Guo , Ray Zhang

We introduce a dynamic benchmarking system for conversational agents that evaluates their performance through a single, simulated, and lengthy user$\leftrightarrow$agent interaction. The interaction is a conversation between the user and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 David Castillo-Bolado , Joseph Davidson , Finlay Gray , Marek Rosa

Document-level context for neural machine translation (NMT) is crucial to improve the translation consistency and cohesion, the translation of ambiguous inputs, as well as several other linguistic phenomena. Many works have been published…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Christian Herold , Hermann Ney

In recent years, pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in achieving an inference-time few-shot learning capability known as in-context learning. However, existing literature has highlighted the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Xinyi Wang , Wanrong Zhu , Michael Saxon , Mark Steyvers , William Yang Wang

Previous work has showcased the intriguing capability of large language models (LLMs) in retrieving facts and processing context knowledge. However, only limited research exists on the layer-wise capability of LLMs to encode knowledge,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Tianjie Ju , Weiwei Sun , Wei Du , Xinwei Yuan , Zhaochun Ren , Gongshen Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been shown to organize the representations of input sequences into straighter neural trajectories in their deep layers, which has been hypothesized to facilitate next-token prediction via linear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Eghbal A. Hosseini , Yuxuan Li , Yasaman Bahri , Declan Campbell , Andrew Kyle Lampinen

Large language models (LLMs) encode vast world knowledge in their parameters, yet they remain fundamentally limited by static knowledge, finite context windows, and weakly structured causal reasoning. This survey provides a unified account…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Prakhar Bansal , Shivangi Agarwal

Solving complex or long-horizon problems often requires large language models (LLMs) to use external tools and operate over a significantly longer context window. New LLMs enable longer context windows and support tool calling capabilities.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Tsimur Hadeliya , Mohammad Ali Jauhar , Nidhi Sakpal , Diogo Cruz

Large language models (LLMs) famously exhibit emergent in-context learning (ICL) -- the ability to rapidly adapt to new tasks using few-shot examples provided as a prompt, without updating the model's weights. Built on top of LLMs, vision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Yongshuo Zong , Ondrej Bohdal , Timothy Hospedales

Long-context modeling capabilities are important for large language models (LLMs) in various applications. However, directly training LLMs with long context windows is insufficient to enhance this capability since some training samples do…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Longze Chen , Ziqiang Liu , Wanwei He , Yunshui Li , Run Luo , Min Yang

This work investigates context compression for Large Language Models (LLMs) using learned compression tokens to reduce the memory and computational demands of processing long sequences. We demonstrate that pre-trained LLMs can be fine-tuned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Dmitrii Tarasov , Elizaveta Goncharova , Kuznetsov Andrey