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Neural Language Models (NLM), when trained and evaluated with context spanning multiple utterances, have been shown to consistently outperform both conventional n-gram language models and NLMs that use limited context. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Ashish Shenoy , Sravan Bodapati , Monica Sunkara , Srikanth Ronanki , Katrin Kirchhoff

Extending context windows (i.e., Long Context, LC) and using retrievers to selectively access relevant information (i.e., Retrieval-Augmented Generation, RAG) are the two main strategies to enable LLMs to incorporate extremely long external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Xinze Li , Yixin Cao , Yubo Ma , Aixin Sun

Large language models (LLMs) face significant challenges in handling long-context tasks because of their limited effective context window size during pretraining, which restricts their ability to generalize over extended sequences.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Zhiyuan Hu , Yuliang Liu , Jinman Zhao , Suyuchen Wang , Yan Wang , Wei Shen , Qing Gu , Anh Tuan Luu , See-Kiong Ng , Zhiwei Jiang , Bryan Hooi

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle to use information across long inputs effectively. Prior work has identified positional biases, such as the Lost in the Middle (LiM) effect, where models perform better when information appears at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Blerta Veseli , Julian Chibane , Mariya Toneva , Alexander Koller

Multi-modal Large Langue Models (MLLMs) often process thousands of visual tokens, which consume a significant portion of the context window and impose a substantial computational burden. Prior work has empirically explored visual token…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Dingchen Yang , Bowen Cao , Anran Zhang , Weibo Gu , Winston Hu , Guang Chen

Self-attention and position embedding are two key modules in transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the potential relationship between them is far from well studied, especially for long context window extending. In fact,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Shiyi Zhu , Jing Ye , Wei Jiang , Siqiao Xue , Qi Zhang , Yifan Wu , Jianguo Li

Large language models (LLMs) tend to inadequately integrate input context during text generation, relying excessively on encoded prior knowledge in model parameters, potentially resulting in generated text with factual inconsistencies or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Zheng Zhao , Emilio Monti , Jens Lehmann , Haytham Assem

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a range of natural language processing tasks. In particular, improvements in reasoning abilities and the expansion of context windows have opened new avenues for…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yeounoh Chung , Gaurav T. Kakkar , Yu Gan , Brenton Milne , Fatma Ozcan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in In-Context Learning (ICL). However, the fixed position length constraints in pre-trained models limit the number of demonstration examples. Recent efforts to extend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Murtadha Ahmed , Wenbo , Liu yunfeng

Instruction tuning is a widely used approach to improve the instruction-following ability of large language models (LLMs). Instruction-tuning datasets typically include a mixture of context-augmented and context-free examples, yet prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Hyunji Lee , Seunghyun Yoon , Yunjae Won , Hanseok Oh , Geewook Kim , Trung Bui , Franck Dernoncourt , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal , Minjoon Seo

There is a growing interest in expanding the input capacity of language models (LMs) across various domains. However, simply increasing the context window does not guarantee robust performance across diverse long-input processing tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Wei Shi , Shuang Li , Kerun Yu , Jinglei Chen , Zujie Liang , Xinhui Wu , Yuxi Qian , Feng Wei , Bo Zheng , Jiaqing Liang , Jiangjie Chen , Yanghua Xiao

When reading long-form text, human cognition is complex and structurized. While large language models (LLMs) process input contexts through a causal and sequential perspective, this approach can potentially limit their ability to handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Kai Liu , Zhihang Fu , Chao Chen , Wei Zhang , Rongxin Jiang , Fan Zhou , Yaowu Chen , Yue Wu , Jieping Ye

The computational and memory overheads associated with expanding the context window of LLMs severely limit their scalability. A noteworthy solution is vision-text compression (VTC), exemplified by frameworks like DeepSeek-OCR and Glyph,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Hongbo Zhao , Meng Wang , Fei Zhu , Wenzhuo Liu , Bolin Ni , Fanhu Zeng , Gaofeng Meng , Zhaoxiang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered widespread attention due to their remarkable performance across various tasks. However, to mitigate the issue of hallucinations, LLMs often incorporate retrieval-augmented pipeline to provide them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Haowen Hou , Fei Ma , Binwen Bai , Xinxin Zhu , Fei Yu

Long-context large language models (LC LLMs) promise to increase reliability of LLMs in real-world tasks requiring processing and understanding of long input documents. However, this ability of LC LLMs to reliably utilize their growing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Lavanya Gupta , Saket Sharma , Yiyun Zhao

Most existing large language models (LLMs) are expensive to adapt after deployment, especially when a task requires newly produced information or niche domain knowledge. Recent work has shown that, by manipulating and optimizing their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zeyu Huang , Adhiguna Kuncoro , Qixuan Feng , Jiajun Shen , Lucio Dery , Arthur Szlam , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato

Generally, the decoder-only large language models (LLMs) are adapted to context-aware neural machine translation (NMT) in a concatenating way, where LLMs take the concatenation of the source sentence (i.e., intra-sentence context) and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Xinglin Lyu , Junhui Li , Yanqing Zhao , Min Zhang , Daimeng Wei , Shimin Tao , Hao Yang , Min Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) achieved remarkable performance across various tasks. However, they face challenges in managing long documents and extended conversations, due to significantly increased computational requirements, both in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Yucheng Li , Bo Dong , Chenghua Lin , Frank Guerin

Decoder-only large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly adopted to build embedding models for diverse tasks. To overcome the inherent limitations of causal attention in representation learning, many existing methods modify the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ailiang Lin , Zhuoyun Li , Yusong Wang , Kotaro Funakoshi , Manabu Okumura

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in metaphor interpretation across multiple datasets, tasks, and prompt configurations. Although metaphor processing has gained significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Elisa Sanchez-Bayona , Rodrigo Agerri
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