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Algorithmic recourse aims to provide actionable recommendations to individuals to obtain a more favourable outcome from an automated decision-making system. As it involves reasoning about interventions performed in the physical world,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-23 Julius von Kügelgen , Nikita Agarwal , Jakob Zeitler , Afsaneh Mastouri , Bernhard Schölkopf

The trustworthiness of AI decision-making systems is increasingly important. A key feature of such systems is the ability to provide recommendations for how an individual may reverse a negative decision, a problem known as algorithmic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Drago Plecko , Collin Wang , Elias Bareinboim

Algorithmic recourse -- providing recommendations to those affected negatively by the outcome of an algorithmic system on how they can take action and change that outcome -- has gained attention as a means of giving persons agency in their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Andrew Bell , Joao Fonseca , Carlo Abrate , Francesco Bonchi , Julia Stoyanovich

In decision-making systems, algorithmic recourse aims to identify minimal-cost actions to alter an individual features, thereby obtaining a desired outcome. This empowers individuals to understand, question, or alter decisions that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Wen-Ling Chen , Hong-Chang Huang , Kai-Hung Lin , Shang-Wei Hwang , Hao-Tsung Yang

Algorithmic systems are often called upon to assist in high-stakes decision making. In light of this, algorithmic recourse, the principle wherein individuals should be able to take action against an undesirable outcome made by an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Joao Fonseca , Andrew Bell , Carlo Abrate , Francesco Bonchi , Julia Stoyanovich

The recent adoption of artificial intelligence in socio-technical systems raises concerns about the black-box nature of the resulting decisions in fields such as hiring, finance, admissions, etc. If data subjects -- such as job applicants,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Kaustav Bhattacharjee , Jun Yuan , Aritra Dasgupta

Algorithmic recourse provides individuals who receive undesirable outcomes from machine learning systems with minimum-cost improvements to achieve a desirable outcome. However, machine learning models often get updated, so the recourse may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Kshitij Kayastha , Vasilis Gkatzelis , Shahin Jabbari

Decision makers are increasingly relying on machine learning in sensitive situations. Algorithmic recourse aims to provide individuals with actionable and minimally costly steps to reverse unfavorable AI-driven decisions. While existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zahra Khotanlou , Kate Larson , Amir-Hossein Karimi

The goal of algorithmic recourse is to reverse unfavorable decisions (e.g., from loan denial to approval) under automated decision making by suggesting actionable feature changes (e.g., reduce the number of credit cards). To generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Martin Pawelczyk , Lea Tiyavorabun , Gjergji Kasneci

As machine learning is increasingly used to inform consequential decision-making (e.g., pre-trial bail and loan approval), it becomes important to explain how the system arrived at its decision, and also suggest actions to achieve a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Isabel Valera

Algorithmic recourse aims to recommend an informative feedback to overturn an unfavorable machine learning decision. We introduce in this paper the Bayesian recourse, a model-agnostic recourse that minimizes the posterior probability odds…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Tuan-Duy H. Nguyen , Ngoc Bui , Duy Nguyen , Man-Chung Yue , Viet Anh Nguyen

Machine learning based decision making systems are increasingly affecting humans. An individual can suffer an undesirable outcome under such decision making systems (e.g. denied credit) irrespective of whether the decision is fair or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Shalmali Joshi , Oluwasanmi Koyejo , Warut Vijitbenjaronk , Been Kim , Joydeep Ghosh

Research on algorithmic recourse typically considers how an individual can reasonably change an unfavorable automated decision when interacting with a fixed decision-making system. This paper focuses instead on the online setting, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Elliot Creager , Richard Zemel

Algorithmic recourse is a process that leverages counterfactual explanations, going beyond understanding why a system produced a given classification, to providing a user with actions they can take to change their predicted outcome.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Jenny Hamer , Nicholas Perello , Jake Valladares , Vignesh Viswanathan , Yair Zick

The recent adoption of machine learning as a tool in real world decision making has spurred interest in understanding how these decisions are being made. Counterfactual Explanations are a popular interpretable machine learning technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Andrew O'Brien , Edward Kim

Algorithmic recourse provides explanations that help users overturn an unfavorable decision by a machine learning system. But so far very little attention has been paid to whether providing recourse is beneficial or not. We introduce an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Hidde Fokkema , Damien Garreau , Tim van Erven

People are increasingly subject to algorithmic decisions, and it is generally agreed that end-users should be provided an explanation or rationale for these decisions. There are different purposes that explanations can have, such as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Emily Sullivan , Philippe Verreault-Julien

As machine learning models are increasingly being employed to make consequential decisions in real-world settings, it becomes critical to ensure that individuals who are adversely impacted (e.g., loan denied) by the predictions of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Martin Pawelczyk , Teresa Datta , Johannes van-den-Heuvel , Gjergji Kasneci , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Machine learning is increasingly used to inform decision-making in sensitive situations where decisions have consequential effects on individuals' lives. In these settings, in addition to requiring models to be accurate and robust, socially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Gilles Barthe , Bernhard Schölkopf , Isabel Valera

Algorithmic fairness is typically studied from the perspective of predictions. Instead, here we investigate fairness from the perspective of recourse actions suggested to individuals to remedy an unfavourable classification. We propose two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Julius von Kügelgen , Amir-Hossein Karimi , Umang Bhatt , Isabel Valera , Adrian Weller , Bernhard Schölkopf
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