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Pre-trained language models have demonstrated powerful capabilities in the field of natural language processing (NLP). Recently, code pre-trained model (PTM), which draw from the experiences of the NLP field, have also achieved…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Yu Zhao , Lina Gong , Haoxiang Zhang , Yaoshen Yu , Zhiqiu Huang

The rapid emergence of pretrained models (PTMs) has attracted significant attention from both Deep Learning (DL) researchers and downstream application developers. However, selecting appropriate PTMs remains challenging because existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Pei Liu , Terry Zhuo , Jiawei Deng , Zhenchang Xing , Qinghua Lu , Xiaoning Du , Hongyu Zhan

Large-scale pre-trained models (PTMs) such as BERT and GPT have recently achieved great success and become a milestone in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Owing to sophisticated pre-training objectives and huge model parameters,…

As machine learning (ML) becomes an integral part of high-autonomy systems, it is critical to ensure the trustworthiness of learning-enabled software systems (LESS). Yet, the nondeterministic and run-time-defined semantics of ML complicate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Nan Jia , Anita Raja , Raffi Khatchadourian

Pre-trained models (PTMs) are machine learning models that have been trained in advance, often on large-scale data, and can be reused for new tasks, thereby reducing the need for costly training from scratch. Their widespread adoption…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Jerin Yasmin , Wenxin Jiang , James C. Davis , Yuan Tian

Advances in machine learning are closely tied to the creation of datasets. While data documentation is widely recognized as essential to the reliability, reproducibility, and transparency of ML, we lack a systematic empirical understanding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Xinyu Yang , Weixin Liang , James Zou

Developing and training deep learning models is expensive, so software engineers have begun to reuse pre-trained deep learning models (PTMs) and fine-tune them for downstream tasks. Despite the wide-spread use of PTMs, we know little about…

The development of machine learning (ML) techniques has led to ample opportunities for developers to develop and deploy their own models. Hugging Face serves as an open source platform where developers can share and download other models in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Beatrice Casey , Joanna C. S. Santos , Mehdi Mirakhorli

The rise of machine learning (ML) systems has exacerbated their carbon footprint due to increased capabilities and model sizes. However, there is scarce knowledge on how the carbon footprint of ML models is actually measured, reported, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Joel Castaño , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Xavier Franch , Justus Bogner

Pre-trained models (PTMs) have shown great promise in the speech and audio domain. Embeddings leveraged from these models serve as inputs for learning algorithms with applications in various downstream tasks. One such crucial task is Speech…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-25 Orchid Chetia Phukan , Arun Balaji Buduru , Rajesh Sharma

Simile interpretation (SI) and simile generation (SG) are challenging tasks for NLP because models require adequate world knowledge to produce predictions. Previous works have employed many hand-crafted resources to bring knowledge-related…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Weijie Chen , Yongzhu Chang , Rongsheng Zhang , Jiashu Pu , Guandan Chen , Le Zhang , Yadong Xi , Yijiang Chen , Chang Su

Model stores offer third-party ML models and datasets for easy project integration, minimizing coding efforts. One might hope to find detailed specifications of these models and datasets in the documentation, leveraging documentation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Ernesto Lang Oreamuno , Rohan Faiyaz Khan , Abdul Ali Bangash , Catherine Stinson , Bram Adams

Model hubs with many pre-trained models (PTMs) have become a cornerstone of deep learning. Although built at a high cost, they remain \emph{under-exploited} -- practitioners usually pick one PTM from the provided model hub by popularity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Kaichao You , Yong Liu , Ziyang Zhang , Jianmin Wang , Michael I. Jordan , Mingsheng Long

The proliferation of Machine Learning (ML) models and their open-source implementations has transformed Artificial Intelligence research and applications. Platforms like Hugging Face (HF) enable this evolving ecosystem, yet a large-scale…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Joel Castaño , Rafael Cabañas , Antonio Salmerón , David Lo , Silverio Martínez-Fernández

Classical machine learning models, such as linear models and tree-based models, are widely used in industry. These models are sensitive to data distribution, thus feature preprocessing, which transforms features from one distribution to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Danrui Qi , Jinglin Peng , Yongjun He , Jiannan Wang

Recently, the emergence of pre-trained models (PTMs) has brought natural language processing (NLP) to a new era. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of PTMs for NLP. We first briefly introduce language representation learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Xipeng Qiu , Tianxiang Sun , Yige Xu , Yunfan Shao , Ning Dai , Xuanjing Huang

Foundation Models (FMs) are models trained on large corpora of data that, at very large scale, can generalize to new tasks without any task-specific finetuning. As these models continue to grow in size, innovations continue to push the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Avanika Narayan , Ines Chami , Laurel Orr , Simran Arora , Christopher Ré

The availability of pre-trained models (PTMs) has enabled faster deployment of machine learning across applications by reducing the need for extensive training. Techniques like quantization and distillation have further expanded PTM…

Machine learning (ML) techniques increase the effectiveness of software engineering (SE) lifecycle activities. We systematically collected, quality-assessed, summarized, and categorized 83 reviews in ML for SE published between 2009-2022,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Zoe Kotti , Rafaila Galanopoulou , Diomidis Spinellis

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) techniques have emerged to address overfitting and high computational costs associated with fully fine-tuning in self-supervised learning. Mainstream PEFT methods add a few trainable parameters while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Xingliang Lei , Yiwen Ye , Zhisong Wang , Ziyang Chen , Minglei Shu , Weidong Cai , Yanning Zhang , Yong Xia