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As artificial intelligence (AI) models quickly spread and become more advanced, they are requiring an ever-increasing amount of data and compute capability, leading to a significant energy cost. Training and inference of AI models including…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Anirudh Shankar , Avhishek Chatterjee , Anjan Chakravorty

Throughout its lifecycle, a large language model (LLM) generates a substantially larger carbon footprint during inference than training. LLM inference requests vary in batch size, prompt length, and token generation number, while cloud…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Zhenxiao Fu , Fan Chen , Shan Zhou , Haitong Li , Lei Jiang

As the possibilities for Artificial Intelligence (AI) have grown, so have concerns regarding its impacts on society and the environment. However, these issues are often raised separately; i.e. carbon footprint analyses of AI models…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Alexandra Sasha Luccioni , Giada Pistilli , Raesetje Sefala , Nyalleng Moorosi

Artificial Intelligence, machine learning (AI/ML) has allowed exploring solutions for a variety of environmental and climate questions ranging from natural disasters, greenhouse gas emission, monitoring biodiversity, agriculture, to weather…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Srija Chakraborty

Artificial Intelligence is increasingly pervasive across domains, with ever more complex models delivering impressive predictive performance. This fast technological advancement however comes at a concerning environmental cost, with…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Emilio Cruciani , Roberto Verdecchia

The computation demand for machine learning (ML) has grown rapidly recently, which comes with a number of costs. Estimating the energy cost helps measure its environmental impact and finding greener strategies, yet it is challenging without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 David Patterson , Joseph Gonzalez , Quoc Le , Chen Liang , Lluis-Miquel Munguia , Daniel Rothchild , David So , Maud Texier , Jeff Dean

Environmental sustainability is crucial for Integrated Circuits (ICs) across their lifecycle, particularly in manufacturing and use. Meanwhile, ICs using 3D/2.5D integration technologies have emerged as promising solutions to meet the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Yujie Zhao , Yang Zhao , Cheng Wan , Yingyan Lin

The product carbon footprint (PCF) is crucial for decarbonizing the supply chain, as it measures the direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions caused by all activities during the product's life cycle. However, PCF accounting often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Zhu Deng , Jinjie Liu , Biao Luo , Can Yuan , Qingrun Yang , Lei Xiao , Wenwen Zhou , Zhu Liu

As global warming soars, the need to assess and reduce the environmental impact of recommender systems is becoming increasingly urgent. Despite this, the recommender systems community hardly understands, addresses, and evaluates the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Lukas Wegmeth , Tobias Vente , Alan Said , Joeran Beel

The latest trends in the adoption of cloud, edge, and distributed computing, as well as a rise in applying AI/ML workloads, have created a need to measure, monitor, and reduce the carbon emissions of these compute-intensive workloads and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Jacob Goldverg , Hasibul Jamil , Elvis Rodriguez , Tevfik Kosar

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant energy consumption and carbon emissions, posing a critical challenge to the sustainability of generative AI technologies. This paper explores the integration of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tahniat Khan , Soroor Motie , Sedef Akinli Kocak , Shaina Raza

Assessing the quality and impact of individual data points is critical for improving model performance and mitigating undesirable biases within the training dataset. Several data valuation algorithms have been proposed to quantify data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Kevin Fu Jiang , Weixin Liang , James Zou , Yongchan Kwon

This study examines the predictability of artificial intelligence (AI) models for weather prediction. Using a simple deep-learning architecture based on convolutional long short-term memory and the ERA5 data for training, we show that…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-10-07 Chanh Kieu

The Environmental Extended Multi-Regional Input-Output analysis is the predominant framework in Ecological Economics for assessing the environmental impact of economic activities. This paper introduces ExioML, the first Machine Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Yanming Guo , Charles Guan , Jin Ma

Accompanying rapid industrialization, humans are suffering from serious air pollution problems. The demand for air quality prediction is becoming more and more important to the government's policy-making and people's daily life. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Kan Huang , Kai Zhang , Ming Liu

The carbon footprint associated with large language models (LLMs) is a significant concern, encompassing emissions from their training, inference, experimentation, and storage processes, including operational and embodied carbon emissions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Ahmad Faiz , Sotaro Kaneda , Ruhan Wang , Rita Osi , Prateek Sharma , Fan Chen , Lei Jiang

Climate-Eval is a comprehensive benchmark designed to evaluate natural language processing models across a broad range of tasks related to climate change. Climate-Eval aggregates existing datasets along with a newly developed news…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Murathan Kurfalı , Shorouq Zahra , Joakim Nivre , Gabriele Messori

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to write and refactor research code, expanding computational workflows. At the same time, Green AI research has largely measured the footprint of models rather than the downstream…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Andres Alonso-Robisco , Carlos Esparcia , Francisco Jareño

In the past ten years, artificial intelligence has encountered such dramatic progress that it is now seen as a tool of choice to solve environmental issues and in the first place greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). At the same time the deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Anne-Laure Ligozat , Julien Lefèvre , Aurélie Bugeau , Jacques Combaz

Rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) in the last decade have largely been built upon the wide applications of deep learning (DL). However, the high carbon footprint yielded by larger and larger DL networks becomes a concern for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 C. -C. Jay Kuo , Azad M. Madni