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Temporal difference (TD) learning is a cornerstone reinforcement learning (RL) method for policy evaluation, where the goal is to estimate the value function of a Markov decision process under a fixed policy. While a substantial body of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Donghwan Lee , Do Wan Kim

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has proven effective in solving complex decision-making tasks across various domains, but challenges remain in continuous-time settings, particularly when state dynamics are governed by stochastic differential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Chenyang Jiang , Donggyu Kim , Alejandra Quintos , Yazhen Wang

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has achieved remarkable success across multiple domains, including competitive games, natural language processing, and robotics. Despite these advancements, policies trained via DRL often struggle to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 James Chapman , Kedar Karhadkar , Guido Montufar

Offline policy evaluation (OPE) is considered a fundamental and challenging problem in reinforcement learning (RL). This paper focuses on the value estimation of a target policy based on pre-collected data generated from a possibly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Jiayi Wang , Zhengling Qi , Raymond K. W. Wong

Reinforcement learning improves the reasoning ability of large language models but remains costly and sample-inefficient, as many rollouts provide weak learning signals. Difficulty-aware data selection methods attempt to address this by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yang Zhou , Can Jin , Zihan Dong , Zhepeng Wang , Yanting Yang , Shiyu Zhao , Lei Li , Runxue Bao , Yaochen Xie , Dimitris N. Metaxas

This article is concerned with the convergence of the state estimate obtained from the discrete time Kalman filter to the continuous time estimate as the temporal discretization is refined. We derive convergence rate estimates for different…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-10 Atte Aalto

Off-policy evaluation (OPE) is the task of estimating the expected reward of a given policy based on offline data previously collected under different policies. Therefore, OPE is a key step in applying reinforcement learning to real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Yihao Feng , Ziyang Tang , Na Zhang , Qiang Liu

We develop a general framework for state estimation in systems modeled with noise-polluted continuous time dynamics and discrete time noisy measurements. Our approach is based on maximum likelihood estimation and employs the calculus of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-16 Griffin M. Kearney , Makan Fardad

A default assumption in reinforcement learning (RL) and optimal control is that observations arrive at discrete time points on a fixed clock cycle. Yet, many applications involve continuous-time systems where the time discretization, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Zichen Zhang , Johannes Kirschner , Junxi Zhang , Francesco Zanini , Alex Ayoub , Masood Dehghan , Dale Schuurmans

Time-dependent partial differential equations (PDEs) are ubiquitous in science and engineering. Recently, mostly due to the high computational cost of traditional solution techniques, deep neural network based surrogates have gained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Phillip Lippe , Bastiaan S. Veeling , Paris Perdikaris , Richard E. Turner , Johannes Brandstetter

Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning (RL) have achieved strong results on high-dimensional control tasks, but applying RL to reachability problems raises a fundamental mismatch: reachability seeks to maximize the set of states…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Oswin So , Eric Yang Yu , Songyuan Zhang , Matthew Cleaveland , Mitchell Black , Chuchu Fan

In reinforcement learning, temporal difference (TD) is the most direct algorithm to learn the value function of a policy. For large or infinite state spaces, exact representations of the value function are usually not available, and it must…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Yann Ollivier

The present paper proposes new fully discrete schemes for long-time approximations of stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) with non-globally Lipschitz coefficients in a bounded domain $D \subset \R^d, d =1,2,3 $. A novel family…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-25 Ruisheng Qi , Xiaojie Wang

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) today rests on fixed benchmarks that apply the same set of items to any model, producing ceiling and floor effects that mask capability gaps. We argue that the most informative evaluation signal lies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Haoxiang Wang , Da Yu , Huishuai Zhang

We study off-policy reinforcement learning for controlling continuous-time Markov diffusion processes with discrete-time observations and actions. We consider model-free algorithms with function approximation that learn value and advantage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Wenlong Mou

We study reinforcement learning under model misspecification, where we do not have access to the true environment but only to a reasonably close approximation to it. We address this problem by extending the framework of robust MDPs to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Aurko Roy , Huan Xu , Sebastian Pokutta

This paper studies an optimization-based state estimation approach for discrete-time nonlinear systems under bounded process and measurement disturbances. We first introduce a full information estimator (FIE), which is given as a solution…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2015-03-18 Wuhua Hu , Lihua Xie , Keyou You

Despite the close connection between exploration and sample efficiency, most state of the art reinforcement learning algorithms include no considerations for exploration beyond maximizing the entropy of the policy. In this work we address…

Offline reinforcement learning aims to utilize datasets of previously gathered environment-action interaction records to learn a policy without access to the real environment. Recent work has shown that offline reinforcement learning can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Hanhan Zhou , Tian Lan , Vaneet Aggarwal

We study offline reinforcement learning (RL) which seeks to learn a good policy based on a fixed, pre-collected dataset. A fundamental challenge behind this task is the distributional shift due to the dataset lacking sufficient exploration,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Wenzhuo Zhou