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Given a discounted cost, we study deterministic discrete-time systems whose inputs are generated by policy iteration (PI). We provide novel near-optimality and stability properties, while allowing for non stabilizing initial policies. That…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-29 Jonathan de Brusse , Mathieu Granzotto , Romain Postoyan , Dragan Nešić

We consider policy evaluation in infinite-horizon discounted Markov decision problems (MDPs) with infinite spaces. We reformulate this task a compositional stochastic program with a function-valued decision variable that belongs to a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-19 Alec Koppel , Garrett Warnell , Ethan Stump , Peter Stone , Alejandro Ribeiro

This paper studies satisfaction of temporal properties on unknown stochastic processes that have continuous state spaces. We show how reinforcement learning (RL) can be applied for computing policies that are finite-memory and deterministic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-29 Milad Kazemi , Sadegh Soudjani

We propose a unified framework to study policy evaluation (PE) and the associated temporal difference (TD) methods for reinforcement learning in continuous time and space. We show that PE is equivalent to maintaining the martingale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Yanwei Jia , Xun Yu Zhou

Many recent algorithms for reinforcement learning are model-free and founded on the Bellman equation. Here we present a method founded on the costate equation and models of the state dynamics. We use the costate -- the gradient of cost with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-04 Bita Behrouzi , Xuefei Liu , Douglas Tweed

Continuous-time reinforcement learning (CTRL) provides a natural framework for sequential decision-making in dynamic environments where interactions evolve continuously over time. While CTRL has shown growing empirical success, its ability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Runze Zhao , Yue Yu , Ruhan Wang , Chunfeng Huang , Dongruo Zhou

Federated reinforcement learning (FRL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for reducing the sample complexity of reinforcement learning tasks by exploiting information from different agents. However, when each agent interacts with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Chenyu Zhang , Han Wang , Aritra Mitra , James Anderson

Off-policy Reinforcement Learning (RL) holds the promise of better data efficiency as it allows sample reuse and potentially enables safe interaction with the environment. Current off-policy policy gradient methods either suffer from high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Samuele Tosatto , João Carvalho , Jan Peters

In this paper we consider a broad class of infinite horizon discrete-time optimal control models that involve a nonnegative cost function and an affine mapping in their dynamic programming equation. They include as special cases classical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-11-29 Dimitri Bertsekas

Following the recent resurgence in establishing linear control theoretic benchmarks for reinforcement leaning (RL)-based policy optimization (PO) for complex dynamical systems with continuous state and action spaces, an optimal control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-30 Leilei Cui , Lekan Molu

In reinforcement learning, temporal difference-based algorithms can be sample-inefficient: for instance, with sparse rewards, no learning occurs until a reward is observed. This can be remedied by learning richer objects, such as a model of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Léonard Blier , Corentin Tallec , Yann Ollivier

We propose a new probabilistic numerical scheme for fully nonlinear equation of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) type associated to stochastic control problem, which is based on the Feynman-Kac representation in [12] by means of control…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-06-28 Idris Kharroubi , Nicolas Langrené , Huyên Pham

We study reinforcement learning (RL) in the setting of continuous time and space, for an infinite horizon with a discounted objective and the underlying dynamics driven by a stochastic differential equation. Built upon recent advances in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Hanyang Zhao , Wenpin Tang , David D. Yao

We study off-policy evaluation (OPE) for partially observable MDPs (POMDPs) with general function approximation. Existing methods such as sequential importance sampling estimators and fitted-Q evaluation suffer from the curse of horizon in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Masatoshi Uehara , Haruka Kiyohara , Andrew Bennett , Victor Chernozhukov , Nan Jiang , Nathan Kallus , Chengchun Shi , Wen Sun

Recent development of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has demonstrated superior performance of neural networks in solving challenging problems with large or even continuous state spaces. One specific approach is to deploy neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Martin Gottwald , Sven Gronauer , Hao Shen , Klaus Diepold

The stochastic interpolant framework offers a powerful approach for constructing generative models based on ordinary differential equations (ODEs) or stochastic differential equations (SDEs) to transform arbitrary data distributions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Yuhao Liu , Yu Chen , Rui Hu , Longbo Huang

It is strange but fruitful to think about the functions as random processes. Any function can be viewed as a martingale (in many different ways) with discrete time. But it can be useful to have continuous time too. Processes can emulate…

Probability · Mathematics 2011-06-21 Alexander Volberg

Off-Policy Evaluation (OPE) serves as one of the cornerstones in Reinforcement Learning (RL). Fitted Q Evaluation (FQE) with various function approximators, especially deep neural networks, has gained practical success. While statistical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-11 Ruiqi Zhang , Xuezhou Zhang , Chengzhuo Ni , Mengdi Wang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) remains a central optimisation framework in machine learning. Although RL agents can converge to optimal solutions, the definition of ``optimality'' depends on the environment's statistical properties. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Bert Verbruggen , Arne Vanhoyweghen , Vincent Ginis

Accurate risk assessment is essential for safety-critical autonomous and control systems under uncertainty. In many real-world settings, stochastic dynamics exhibit asymmetric jumps and long-range memory, making long-term risk probabilities…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Yimeng Sun , Zhuoyuan Wang , Xiaole Zhang , Heng Ping , Jintang Xue , Paul Bogdan , Yorie Nakahira