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To effectively train accurate Relation Extraction models, sufficient and properly labeled data is required. Adequately labeled data is difficult to obtain and annotating such data is a tricky undertaking. Previous works have shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Michael Strobl , Amine Trabelsi , Osmar Zaiane

Collaboration literacy requires adapting to the evolving demands of group work within complex discussions, making it difficult to develop and assess. Traditional analytics metrics capture behavioral signals while missing the semantic…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Dawei Xie , Khalil Anderson , Tochukwu Eze , Chenghong Lin , Bookyung Shin , Marcelo Worsley

Supervised machine learning has become the cornerstone of today's data-driven society, increasing the need for labeled data. However, the process of acquiring labels is often expensive and tedious. One possible remedy is to use active…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Josip Jukić , Fran Jelenić , Miroslav Bićanić , Jan Šnajder

High quality perception is essential for autonomous driving (AD) systems. To reach the accuracy and robustness that are required by such systems, several types of sensors must be combined. Currently, mostly cameras and laser scanners…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-27 A. Ouaknine , A. Newson , J. Rebut , F. Tupin , P. Pérez

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is widely employed to ground responses to queries on domain-specific documents. But do RAG implementations leave out important information when answering queries that need an integrated analysis of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Jingwei Ni , Tobias Schimanski , Meihong Lin , Mrinmaya Sachan , Elliott Ash , Markus Leippold

Faced with an expensive human annotation process, creators of NLP systems increasingly turn to synthetic data generation. While this method shows promise, the extent to which synthetic data can replace human annotation is poorly understood.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Dhananjay Ashok , Jonathan May

We present a comprehensive survey on the use of annotations in information visualizations, highlighting their crucial role in improving audience understanding and engagement with visual data. Our investigation encompasses empirical studies…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Md Dilshadur Rahman , Bhavana Doppalapudi , Ghulam Jilani Quadri , Paul Rosen

Pose estimation of the human body and hands is a fundamental problem in computer vision, and learning-based solutions require a large amount of annotated data. In this work, we improve the efficiency of the data annotation process for 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-19 Qi Feng , Kun He , He Wen , Cem Keskin , Yuting Ye

Training and deploying machine learning models relies on a large amount of human-annotated data. As human labeling becomes increasingly expensive and time-consuming, recent research has developed multiple strategies to speed up annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ekaterina Artemova , Akim Tsvigun , Dominik Schlechtweg , Natalia Fedorova , Konstantin Chernyshev , Sergei Tilga , Boris Obmoroshev

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) aims to adapt a model trained on the source domain (e.g. synthetic data) to the target domain (e.g. real-world data) without requiring further annotations on the target domain. This work focuses on UDA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Lukas Hoyer , Dengxin Dai , Luc Van Gool

High-quality labeled data is essential for training robust machine learning models, yet obtaining annotations at scale remains expensive. AI-assisted annotation has therefore become standard in large-scale labeling workflows. However, in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Moussa Kassem Sbeyti , Joshua Holstein , Philipp Spitzer , Nadja Klein , Gerhard Satzger

As machine learning (ML) models are increasingly used in social domains to make consequential decisions about humans, they often have the power to reshape data distributions. Humans, as strategic agents, continuously adapt their behaviors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Tian Xie , Xueru Zhang

Augmented Reality (AR) enables intuitive interaction with virtual annotations overlaid on the real world, supporting a wide range of applications such as remote assistance, education, and industrial training. However, as the number of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Zahra Borhani , Ali Ebrahimpour-Boroojeny , Francisco R. Ortega

Active learning effectively collects data instances for training deep learning models when the labeled dataset is limited and the annotation cost is high. Besides active learning, data augmentation is also an effective technique to enlarge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Yoon-Yeong Kim , Kyungwoo Song , JoonHo Jang , Il-Chul Moon

Scaling inference-time computation has substantially improved the reasoning capabilities of language models. However, existing methods have significant limitations: serialized chain-of-thought approaches generate overly long outputs,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Jiayi Pan , Xiuyu Li , Long Lian , Charlie Snell , Yifei Zhou , Adam Yala , Trevor Darrell , Kurt Keutzer , Alane Suhr

RGBD images with high quality annotations in the form of geometric (i.e., segmentation) and structural (i.e., how do the segments are mutually related in 3D) information provide valuable priors to a large number of scene and image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-03-25 Yu-Shiang Wong , Hung-Kuo Chu , Niloy J. Mitra

Image annotation for active learning is labor-intensive. Various automatic and semi-automatic labeling methods are proposed to save the labeling cost, but a reduction in the number of labeled instances does not guarantee a reduction in cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Yingcheng Sun , Kenneth Loparo

Annotator disagreement is ubiquitous in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. There are multiple reasons for such disagreements, including the subjectivity of the task, difficult cases, unclear guidelines, and so on. Rather than simply…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Naihao Deng , Xinliang Frederick Zhang , Siyang Liu , Winston Wu , Lu Wang , Rada Mihalcea

Generative large language models (LLMs) can be a powerful tool for augmenting text annotation procedures, but their performance varies across annotation tasks due to prompt quality, text data idiosyncrasies, and conceptual difficulty.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Nicholas Pangakis , Samuel Wolken , Neil Fasching

We describe a novel method for efficiently eliciting scalar annotations for dataset construction and system quality estimation by human judgments. We contrast direct assessment (annotators assign scores to items directly), online pairwise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Keisuke Sakaguchi , Benjamin Van Durme