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The race for artificial intelligence (AI) dominance often prioritizes scale over efficiency. Hyper-scaling is the common industry approach: larger models, more data, and as many computational resources as possible. Using more resources is a…

General Economics · Economics 2026-05-08 Marco Bornstein , Amrit Singh Bedi

Architectural debt is a form of technical debt that derives from the gap between the architectural design of the system as it "should be" compared to "as it is". We measured architecture debt in two ways: 1) in terms of system-wide coupling…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Maleknaz Nayebi , Yuanfang Cai , Rick Kazman , Guenther Ruhe , Qiong Feng , Chris Carlson , Francis Chew

AI auditing is a rapidly growing field of research and practice. This review article, which doubles as an editorial to Digital Societys topical collection on Auditing of AI, provides an overview of previous work in the field. Three key…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Jakob Mokander

Developers often opt for easier but non-optimal implementation to meet deadlines or create rapid prototypes, leading to additional effort known as technical debt to improve the code later. Oftentimes, developers explicitly document the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ibuki Nakamura , Yutaro Kashiwa , Bin Lin , Hajimu Iida

Agentic AI systems combine probabilistic reasoning with delegated action through tools, context, memory, orchestration, and external workflow integration. This note develops a formal and managerially usable model that distinguishes Agentic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Muhammad Zia Hydari , Raja Iqbal , Narayan Ramasubbu

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an important driving force for the development and transformation of the financial industry. However, with the fast-evolving AI technology and application, unintentional bias, insufficient model validation,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-17 Yukun Zhang , Longsheng Zhou

Embedding artificial intelligence into systems introduces significant challenges to modern engineering practices. Hazard analysis tools and processes have not yet been adequately adapted to the new paradigm. This paper describes initial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Nikolas Martelaro , Carol J. Smith , Tamara Zilovic

Vibe Coding (VC) is a form of software development assisted by generative AI, in which developers describe the intended functionality or logic via natural language prompts, and the AI system generates the corresponding source code. VC can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Muhammad Waseem , Aakash Ahmad , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Jussi Rasku , Sami Lahti , Kalle Mäkelä , Pekka Abrahamsson

Technical debt---design shortcuts taken to optimize for delivery speed---is a critical part of long-term software costs. Consequently, automatically detecting technical debt is a high priority for software practitioners. Software quality…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-06-01 Neil A. Ernst , Stephany Bellomo , Ipek Ozkaya , Robert L. Nord

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become increasingly complex and autonomous, concerns over transparency and accountability have intensified. The "black box" problem in AI decision-making limits stakeholders' ability to understand,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Afroja Akther , Ayesha Arobee , Abdullah Al Adnan , Omum Auyon , ASM Johirul Islam , Farhad Akter

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have become increasingly popular in many areas. Nevertheless, AI technologies are still in their developing stages, and many issues need to be addressed. Among those, the reliability of AI systems needs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Yili Hong , Jiayi Lian , Li Xu , Jie Min , Yueyao Wang , Laura J. Freeman , Xinwei Deng

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has created unprecedented demands for computational power, yet methods for evaluating the performance, efficiency, and environmental impact of deployed models remain fragmented. Current…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hongyuan Liu , Xinyang Liu , Guosheng Hu

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly embedded in financial decision-making, the opacity of complex models presents significant challenges for professionals and regulators. While the field of Explainable AI (XAI) attempts to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Patricia Marcella Evite , Ekaterina Svetlova , Doina Bucur

The design of embedded safety-critical systems such as those used in next-generation automotive and autonomous platforms, is increasingly challenged by escalating system complexity, hardware-software heterogeneity, and the integration of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Behnaz Ranjbar , Kirankumar Raveendiran , Sudeep Pasricha , Samarjit Chakraborty , Cecilia Carbonelli , Akash Kumar

Artificial Intelligence (AI) planning is a flourishing research and development discipline that provides powerful tools for searching a course of action that achieves some user goal. While these planning tools show excellent performance on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Sebastian Graef , Ilche Georgievski

Technical debt (TD) describes the additional costs that emerge when developers have opted for a quick and easy solution to a problem, rather than a more effective and well-designed, but time-consuming approach. Self-Admitted Technical Debts…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Nam Le Hai , Anh M. T. Bui , Phuong T. Nguyen , Davide Di Ruscio , Rick Kazman

We review practical challenges in building and deploying ethical AI at the scale of contemporary industrial and societal uses. Apart from the purely technical concerns that are the usual focus of academic research, the operational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Jiahao Chen , Victor Storchan , Eren Kurshan

Complex decision-making by autonomous machines and algorithms could underpin the foundations of future society. Generative AI is emerging as a powerful engine for such transitions. However, we show that Generative AI-driven developments…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Le Liu , Bangguo Yu , Nynke Vellinga , Ming Cao

Technical Debts (TD) are problems of the internal software quality. They are often contracted due to tight project deadlines, for example quick fixes and workarounds, and can make future changes more costly or impossible. TD prevention…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Marion Wiese , Matthias Riebisch , Julian Schwarze

Developers are widely using AI code-generation models, aiming to increase productivity and efficiency. However, there are also quality concerns regarding the AI-generated code. The generated code is produced by models trained on publicly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Ruofan Gao , Amjed Tahir , Peng Liang , Teo Susnjak , Foutse Khomh