Related papers: What are kets?
Dirac's ket-bra formalism is the "language" of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. In Refs.(Fan et al, Ann. Phys. 321 (2006) 480; 323 (2008) 500) we have reviewed how to apply Newton-Leibniz integration rules to Dirac's ket-bra…
In this paper, we expand on previous work describing partial derivatives and metric component estimators to define tangent spaces on causal sets. Partial derivative operators are the basis vectors of the tangent space, and the metric…
In this article, we discard the bra-ket notation and its correlative definitions, given by Paul Dirac. The quantum states are only described by the wave functions. The fundamental concepts and definitions in quantum mechanics is simplified.…
Vector calculus in three-dimensional space is ubiquitous in applications of mathematics in physics and engineering. Its two-dimensional version is, however, quite rare. Here we try to provide a pedagogical account of the subject. It is…
The idea of the Gauss map is unified with the concept of branes as hypersurfaces embedded into $D$-dimensional Minkowski space. The map introduces new generalized coordinates of branes alternative to their world vectors $\mathbf{x}$ and…
Given a vector-space $~V~$ which is the tensor product of vector-spaces $A$ and $B$, we reconstruct $A$ and $B$ from the family of simple tensors $a{\otimes}b$ within $V$. In an application to quantum mechanics, one would be reconstructing…
Biracks are algebraic structures related to knots and links. We define a new enhancement of the birack counting invariant for oriented classical and virtual knots and links via algebraic structures called birack dynamical cocycles. The new…
There is compelling evidence that, when continuous spectrum is present, the natural mathematical setting for Quantum Mechanics is the rigged Hilbert space rather than just the Hilbert space. In particular, Dirac's bra-ket formalism is fully…
Our basic structure is a finite-dimensional complex Hilbert space $H$. We point out that the set of effects on $H$ form a convex effect algebra. Although the set of operators on $H$ also form a convex effect algebra, they have a more…
In this article, we discuss the equality of two inner products on a vector space. Particularly, we look at some geometric properties that are given to a vector space by an inner product namely, length and angle, and we ask under what…
Braces were introduced by W. Rump in 2006 as an algebraic system related to the quantum Yang-Baxter equation. In 2017, L. Guarnieri and L. Vendramin defined for the same purposes a more general notion of a skew left brace. Recently, L. Guo,…
In this article a surprising result is demonstrated using the neural tangent kernel. This kernel is defined as the inner product of the vector of the gradient of an underlying model evaluated at training points. This kernel is used to…
Dynamic arrays, also referred to as vectors, are fundamental data structures used in many programs. Modeling their semantics efficiently is crucial when reasoning about such programs. The theory of arrays is widely supported but is not…
Combining the notions of braces and relative Rota-Baxter operators on groups in connection with the Yang-Baxter equation and a factorization theorem of Lie groups from integrable systems, relative Rota-Baxter operators on braces and…
Finding classical canonical observables consists of taking a function space over phase space. For constrained theories, these functions must form zero brackets with a closed algebraic structure of first-class constraints. This brackets…
Vertex operator algebras are mathematically rigorous objects corresponding to chiral algebras in conformal field theory. Operads are mathematical devices to describe operations, that is, $n$-ary operations for all $n$ greater than or equal…
Biquandle brackets are a type of quantum enhancement of the biquandle counting invariant for oriented knots and links, defined by a set of skein relations with coefficients which are functions of biquandle colors at a crossing. In this…
We introduce the beta function of a knot in euclidean three-space. This is a meromorphic function of a complex variable which we prove admits a Bernstein type functional equation. We determine the first residues.
An extension of the Weyl-Wigner-Moyal formulation of quantum mechanics suitable for a Dirac quantized constrained system is proposed. In this formulation, quantum observables are described by equivalent classes of Weyl symbols. The Weyl…
On an open manifold, the spaces of metrics or connections of bounded geometry, respectively, split into an uncountable number of components. We show that for a pair of metrics or connections, belonging to the same component, relative…