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K-fold cross validation (CV) is a popular method for estimating the true performance of machine learning models, allowing model selection and parameter tuning. However, the very process of CV requires random partitioning of the data and so…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-20 Henry B. Moss , David S. Leslie , Paul Rayson

Lengthy evaluation times are common in many optimization problems such as direct policy search tasks, especially when they involve conducting evaluations in the physical world, e.g. in robotics applications. Often when evaluating solution…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-22 Etor Arza , Leni K. Le Goff , Emma Hart

Cross-Validation (CV) is the default choice for evaluating the performance of machine learning models. Despite its wide usage, their statistical benefits have remained half-understood, especially in challenging nonparametric regimes. In…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-22 Garud Iyengar , Henry Lam , Tianyu Wang

K-fold Cross Validation is commonly used to evaluate classifiers and tune their hyperparameters. However, it assumes that data points are Independent and Identically Distributed (i.i.d.) so that samples used in the training and test sets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-10 Akbar Dehghani , Tristan Glatard , Emad Shihab

When selecting a classification algorithm to be applied to a particular problem, one has to simultaneously select the best algorithm for that dataset \emph{and} the best set of hyperparameters for the chosen model. The usual approach is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Jacques Wainer , Gavin Cawley

Cross-validation (CV) is one of the main tools for performance estimation and parameter tuning in machine learning. The general recipe for computing CV estimate is to run a learning algorithm separately for each CV fold, a computationally…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-07-02 Pooria Joulani , András György , Csaba Szepesvári

Symbolic Regression remains an NP-Hard problem, with extensive research focusing on AI models for this task. Transformer models have shown promise in Symbolic Regression, but performance suffers with smaller datasets. We propose applying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Kaustubh Kislay , Shlok Singh , Soham Joshi , Rohan Dutta , Jay Shim , George Flint , Kevin Zhu

This work develops central limit theorems for cross-validation and consistent estimators of its asymptotic variance under weak stability conditions on the learning algorithm. Together, these results provide practical, asymptotically-exact…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-03 Pierre Bayle , Alexandre Bayle , Lucas Janson , Lester Mackey

K-fold cross-validation is a widely used tool for assessing classifier performance. The reproducibility crisis faced by artificial intelligence partly results from the irreproducibility of reported k-fold cross-validation-based performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Attila Fazekas , Gyorgy Kovacs

Recently many regularized estimators of large covariance matrices have been proposed, and the tuning parameters in these estimators are usually selected via cross-validation. However, there is no guideline on the number of folds for…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-08-16 Yixin Fang , Binhuan Wang , Yang Feng

The correct use of model evaluation, model selection, and algorithm selection techniques is vital in academic machine learning research as well as in many industrial settings. This article reviews different techniques that can be used for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Sebastian Raschka

We study the mean-squared error of $k$-fold cross-validation as a risk estimator, with particular emphasis on how its accuracy depends on the number of folds $k$. Despite the widespread use of cross-validation, principled guidance for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Ido Nachum , Rüdiger Urbanke , Thomas Weinberger

Given a high-dimensional covariate matrix and a response vector, ridge-regularized sparse linear regression selects a subset of features that explains the relationship between covariates and the response in an interpretable manner. To…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Ryan Cory-Wright , Andrés Gómez

As a technique that can compactly represent complex patterns, machine learning has significant potential for predictive inference. K-fold cross-validation (CV) is the most common approach to ascertaining the likelihood that a machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-24 Juan M Gorriz , R. Martin Clemente , F Segovia , J Ramirez , A Ortiz , J. Suckling

We revisit the problem of ensuring strong test set performance via cross-validation, and propose a nested k-fold cross-validation scheme that selects hyperparameters by minimizing a weighted sum of the usual cross-validation metric and an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-04 Ryan Cory-Wright , Andrés Gómez

With the increasing size of today's data sets, finding the right parameter configuration in model selection via cross-validation can be an extremely time-consuming task. In this paper we propose an improved cross-validation procedure which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-05 Tammo Krueger , Danny Panknin , Mikio Braun

Used to estimate the risk of an estimator or to perform model selection, cross-validation is a widespread strategy because of its simplicity and its apparent universality. Many results exist on the model selection performances of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-02-01 Sylvain Arlot , Alain Celisse

A common problem machine learning developers are faced with is overfitting, that is, fitting a pipeline too closely to the training data that the performance degrades for unseen data. Automated machine learning aims to free (or at least…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Benjamin Patrick Evans , Bing Xue , Mengjie Zhang

Despite ongoing theoretical research on cross-validation (CV), many theoretical questions remain widely open. This motivates our investigation into how properties of algorithm-distribution pairs can affect the choice for the number of folds…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-09 Ido Nachum , Rüdiger Urbanke , Thomas Weinberger

Cross-validation is the standard approach for tuning parameter selection in many non-parametric regression problems. However its use is less common in change-point regression, perhaps as its prediction error-based criterion may appear to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-13 Florian Pein , Rajen D. Shah