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State-space models (SSMs) have recently emerged as a compelling alternative to Transformers for sequence modeling tasks. This paper presents a theoretical generalization analysis of selective SSMs, the core architectural component behind…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Arya Honarpisheh , Mustafa Bozdag , Octavia Camps , Mario Sznaier

State Space Models (SSMs) have become the leading alternative to Transformers for sequence modeling. Their primary advantage is efficiency in long-context and long-form generation, enabled by fixed-size memory and linear scaling of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Eran Malach , Omid Saremi , Sinead Williamson , Arwen Bradley , Aryo Lotfi , Emmanuel Abbe , Josh Susskind , Etai Littwin

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a potent tool in sequence modeling tasks in recent years. These models approximate continuous systems using a set of basis functions and discretize them to handle input data, making them well-suited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Jiaxi Hu , Disen Lan , Ziyu Zhou , Qingsong Wen , Yuxuan Liang

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to the popular transformer-based models and have been increasingly gaining attention. Compared to transformers, SSMs excel at tasks with sequential data or longer contexts,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Xingtai Lv , Youbang Sun , Kaiyan Zhang , Shang Qu , Xuekai Zhu , Yuchen Fan , Yi Wu , Ermo Hua , Xinwei Long , Ning Ding , Bowen Zhou

State-space models (SSMs) are a highly expressive model class for learning patterns in time series data and for system identification. Deterministic versions of SSMs (e.g. LSTMs) proved extremely successful in modeling complex time series…

State-space models (SSMs) have recently attention as an efficient alternative to computationally expensive attention-based models for sequence modeling. They rely on linear recurrences to integrate information over time, enabling fast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Mahdi Karami , Ali Behrouz , Peilin Zhong , Razvan Pascanu , Vahab Mirrokni

State space models (SSMs) have gained attention by showing potential to outperform Transformers. However, previous studies have not sufficiently addressed the mechanisms underlying their high performance owing to a lack of theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 JingChuan Guan , Tomoyuki Kubota , Yasuo Kuniyoshi , Kohei Nakajima

Selective state-space models (SSMs) are an emerging alternative to the Transformer, offering the unique advantage of parallel training and sequential inference. Although these models have shown promising performance on a variety of tasks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Aleksandar Terzić , Michael Hersche , Giacomo Camposampiero , Thomas Hofmann , Abu Sebastian , Abbas Rahimi

State-space models (SSMs) offer a powerful framework for dynamical system analysis, wherein the temporal dynamics of the system are assumed to be captured through the evolution of the latent states, which govern the values of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-17 Jiahe Lin , George Michailidis

State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as an efficient alternative to the transformer architecture. Recent studies show that SSMs can match or surpass Transformers on code understanding tasks, such as code retrieval, when trained under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Jiali Wu , Abhinav Anand , Shweta Verma , Mira Mezini

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in integrating linear state-space models (SSM) in deep neural network architectures of foundation models. This is exemplified by the recent success of Mamba, showing better performance than…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-26 Carmen Amo Alonso , Jerome Sieber , Melanie N. Zeilinger

State-space models (SSMs) are effective architectures for sequential modeling, but a rigorous theoretical understanding of their training dynamics is still lacking. In this work, we formulate the training of SSMs as an ensemble optimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-17 Ye Feng , Jianfeng Lu

Linear time-invariant state space models (SSM) are a classical model from engineering and statistics, that have recently been shown to be very promising in machine learning through the Structured State Space sequence model (S4). A core…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Albert Gu , Isys Johnson , Aman Timalsina , Atri Rudra , Christopher Ré

Score-based generative models (SGMs) have emerged as one of the most popular classes of generative models. A substantial body of work now exists on the analysis of SGMs, focusing either on discretization aspects or on their statistical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Benjamin Dupuis , Dario Shariatian , Maxime Haddouche , Alain Durmus , Umut Simsekli

In the quest for next-generation sequence modeling architectures, State Space Models (SSMs) have emerged as a potent alternative to transformers, particularly for their computational efficiency and suitability for dynamical systems. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Steven Abreu , Jens E. Pedersen , Kade M. Heckel , Alessandro Pierro

This paper studies sequence modeling for prediction tasks with long range dependencies. We propose a new formulation for state space models (SSMs) based on learning linear dynamical systems with the spectral filtering algorithm (Hazan et…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Naman Agarwal , Daniel Suo , Xinyi Chen , Elad Hazan

The remarkable success of modern AI has been closely tied to scaling laws, yet the finite supply of high-quality data makes data efficiency--learning more from less--an increasingly important frontier. A model's inductive bias is a critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Qiyu Chen , Guozhang Chen

State space models (SSMs) are a powerful and widely-used class of probabilistic models for analysing time-series data across various fields, from econometrics to robotics. Despite their prevalence, existing software frameworks for SSMs…

Computation · Statistics 2025-05-30 Tim Hargreaves , Qing Li , Charles Knipp , Frederic Wantiez , Simon J. Godsill , Hong Ge

State space models (SSMs) have shown remarkable empirical performance on many long sequence modeling tasks, but a theoretical understanding of these models is still lacking. In this work, we study the learning dynamics of linear SSMs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Jakub Smékal , Jimmy T. H. Smith , Michael Kleinman , Dan Biderman , Scott W. Linderman

Although transformers dominate many code-specific tasks, they have significant limitations. This paper explores State Space Models (SSMs) as a promising alternative for code understanding tasks such as retrieval, classification, and clone…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Shweta Verma , Abhinav Anand , Mira Mezini
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