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The practical deployment of Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) for Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) is hindered by a critical sim-to-real gap. This gap stems not only from training on oversimplified Euclidean data but also from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jiwoo Son , Zhikai Zhao , Federico Berto , Chuanbo Hua , Zhiguang Cao , Changhyun Kwon , Jinkyoo Park

Recent advances in Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) methods have significantly improved the capability of neural solvers to handle synthetic routing instances. Nonetheless, existing neural solvers typically struggle to generalize…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jianghan Zhu , Yaoxin Wu , Zhuoyi Lin , Zhengyuan Zhang , Haiyan Yin , Zhiguang Cao , Senthilnath Jayavelu , Xiaoli Li

Combinatorial optimization serves as an essential part in many modern industrial applications. A great number of the problems are offline setting due to safety and/or cost issues. While simulation-based approaches appear difficult to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Wenpeng Wei , Toshiko Aizono

Multiobjective combinatorial optimization (MOCO) problems can be found in many real-world applications. However, exactly solving these problems would be very challenging, particularly when they are NP-hard. Many handcrafted heuristic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Xi Lin , Zhiyuan Yang , Qingfu Zhang

Neural Combinatorial Optimization approaches have recently leveraged the expressiveness and flexibility of deep neural networks to learn efficient heuristics for hard Combinatorial Optimization (CO) problems. However, most of the current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Sahil Manchanda , Sofia Michel , Darko Drakulic , Jean-Marc Andreoli

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit complementary strengths. Model routing harnesses these strengths by dynamically directing each query to the most suitable model, given a candidate model pool. However, routing performance relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Chenxu Wang , Hao Li , Yiqun Zhang , Linyao Chen , Jianhao Chen , Ping Jian , Peng Ye , Qiaosheng Zhang , Shuyue Hu

Numerous Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) solvers have been proposed to address Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs). However, most of these solvers focus exclusively on single-vehicle VRP variants, overlooking the more realistic min-max…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xuan Wu , Di Wang , Chunguo Wu , Kaifang Qi , Chunyan Miao , Yubin Xiao , Jian Zhang , You Zhou

Neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) aims at designing problem-independent and efficient neural network-based strategies for solving combinatorial problems. The field recently experienced growth by successfully adapting architectures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Michal Lisicki , Arash Afkanpour , Graham W. Taylor

This paper investigates a cooperative motion planning problem for large-scale connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) under limited communications, which addresses the challenges of high communication and computing resource requirements. Our…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Haichao Liu , Zhenmin Huang , Zicheng Zhu , Yulin Li , Shaojie Shen , Jun Ma

Recent researches show that machine learning has the potential to learn better heuristics than the one designed by human for solving combinatorial optimization problems. The deep neural network is used to characterize the input instance for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Bo Peng , Jiahai Wang , Zizhen Zhang

Combinatorial optimization problems are crucial in industry. However, many COPs are NP-hard, causing the search space to grow exponentially with problem size and rendering large-scale instances computationally intractable. Conventional…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Eiji Kawase , Shuta Kikuchi , Hideaki Tamai , Shu Tanaka

Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) has emerged as a promising approach for NP-hard problems. However, prevailing RL-based methods suffer from low sample efficiency due to sparse rewards and underused solutions. We propose Best-anchored…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zijun Liao , Jinbiao Chen , Debing Wang , Zizhen Zhang , Jiahai Wang

Optimal control problems (OCPs) involve finding a control function for a dynamical system such that a cost functional is optimized. It is central to physical systems in both academia and industry. In this paper, we propose a novel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-18 Mingquan Feng , Zhijie Chen , Yixin Huang , Yizhou Liu , Junchi Yan

Combinatorial optimization problems involving multiple agents are notoriously challenging due to their NP-hard nature and the necessity for effective agent coordination. Despite advancements in learning-based methods, existing approaches…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Federico Berto , Chuanbo Hua , Laurin Luttmann , Jiwoo Son , Junyoung Park , Kyuree Ahn , Changhyun Kwon , Lin Xie , Jinkyoo Park

Algorithm performance in combinatorial optimization is highly sensitive to parameter settings, while a single globally tuned configuration often fails to exploit the heterogeneity of instances. This limitation is particularly evident in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Yinghao Qin , Xinwei Wang , Mosab Bazargani , Jun Chen

Recent advances in graph neural network architectures and increased computation power have revolutionized the field of combinatorial optimization (CO). Among the proposed models for CO problems, Neural Improvement (NI) models have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Andoni I. Garmendia , Josu Ceberio , Alexander Mendiburu

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have notably positioned them as capable tools for addressing complex optimization challenges. Despite this recognition, a predominant limitation of existing LLM-based optimization methods is their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Yuxiao Huang , Wenjie Zhang , Liang Feng , Xingyu Wu , Kay Chen Tan

Conditional imitation learning (CIL) trains deep neural networks, in an end-to-end manner, to mimic human driving. This approach has demonstrated suitable vehicle control when following roads, avoiding obstacles, or taking specific turns at…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Hesham M. Eraqi , Mohamed N. Moustafa , Jens Honer

Imitation learning is a powerful approach for learning autonomous driving policy by leveraging data from expert driver demonstrations. However, driving policies trained via imitation learning that neglect the causal structure of expert…

Self-improvement has emerged as a state-of-the-art paradigm in Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO), where models iteratively refine their policies by generating and imitating high-quality solutions. Despite strong empirical performance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Laurin Luttmann , Lin Xie