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Truthfulness is paramount for large language models (LLMs) as they are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. However, existing LLMs still struggle with generating truthful content, as evidenced by their modest performance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Weixin Chen , Dawn Song , Bo Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) hold promise as dynamic instructional aids. Yet, it remains unclear whether LLMs can replicate the adaptivity of intelligent tutoring systems (ITS)--where student knowledge and pedagogical strategies are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Conrad Borchers , Tianze Shou

Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in mimicking fictional characters or real humans in conversational settings. However, the realism and consistency of these responses can be further enhanced by providing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Seokhoon Jeong , Assentay Makhmud

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes applications, robust uncertainty estimation is essential for ensuring the safe and trustworthy deployment of LLMs. We present the most comprehensive study to date of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Linwei Tao , Yi-Fan Yeh , Minjing Dong , Tao Huang , Philip Torr , Chang Xu

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly produce natural language explanations, yet these explanations often lack faithfulness, and they do not reliably reflect the evidence the model uses to decide. We introduce FaithLM, a model-agnostic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yu-Neng Chuang , Guanchu Wang , Chia-Yuan Chang , Ruixiang Tang , Shaochen Zhong , Fan Yang , Mengnan Du , Xuanting Cai , Vladimir Braverman , Xia Hu

Factual hallucinations are a major challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs). They undermine reliability and user trust by generating inaccurate or fabricated content. Recent studies suggest that when generating false statements, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Giovanni Servedio , Alessandro De Bellis , Dario Di Palma , Vito Walter Anelli , Tommaso Di Noia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive abilities in many applications. When a concrete and precise answer is desired, it is important to have a quantitative estimation of the potential error rate. However, this can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Theodore Zhao , Mu Wei , J. Samuel Preston , Hoifung Poon

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generating non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Current interactive systems with natural language interfaces lack the ability to understand a complex information-seeking request which expresses several implicit constraints at once, and there is no prior information about user preferences…

Current Large Language Models (LLMs) are unparalleled in their ability to generate grammatically correct, fluent text. LLMs are appearing rapidly, and debates on LLM capacities have taken off, but reflection is lagging behind. Thus, in this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Bram M. A. van Dijk , Tom Kouwenhoven , Marco R. Spruit , Max J. van Duijn

A safe and trustworthy use of Large Language Models (LLMs) requires an accurate expression of confidence in their answers. We propose a novel Reinforcement Learning approach that allows to directly fine-tune LLMs to express calibrated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 David Bani-Harouni , Chantal Pellegrini , Paul Stangel , Ege Özsoy , Kamilia Zaripova , Nassir Navab , Matthias Keicher

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly persuasive, demonstrating the ability to personalize arguments in conversation with humans by leveraging their personal data. This may have serious impacts on the scale and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Jasper Timm , Chetan Talele , Jacob Haimes

In-context learning has emerged as a groundbreaking ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) and revolutionized various fields by providing a few task-relevant demonstrations in the prompt. However, trustworthy issues with LLM's response,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Chen Ling , Xujiang Zhao , Xuchao Zhang , Wei Cheng , Yanchi Liu , Yiyou Sun , Mika Oishi , Takao Osaki , Katsushi Matsuda , Jie Ji , Guangji Bai , Liang Zhao , Haifeng Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer significant performance degradation in multi-turn conversations when information is presented incrementally. Given that multi-turn conversations characterize everyday interactions with LLMs, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Haziq Mohammad Khalid , Athikash Jeyaganthan , Timothy Do , Yicheng Fu , Sean O'Brien , Vasu Sharma , Kevin Zhu

Actively inferring user preferences, for example by asking good questions, is important for any human-facing decision-making system. Active inference allows such systems to adapt and personalize themselves to nuanced individual preferences.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Wasu Top Piriyakulkij , Volodymyr Kuleshov , Kevin Ellis

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted in mathematical optimization in scientific scenarios for their extensive knowledge and advanced reasoning capabilities. Existing methods mainly focus on utilizing LLMs to solve…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-18 Qitan Lv , Tianyu Liu , Hong Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as powerful tools for several high-stakes natural language processing (NLP) applications. Recent prompting works claim to elicit intermediate reasoning steps and key tokens that serve as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Sree Harsha Tanneru , Chirag Agarwal , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit human-like intelligence, enabling them to simulate human behavior and support various applications that require both humanized communication and extensive knowledge reserves. Efforts are made to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Zheni Zeng , Jiayi Chen , Huimin Chen , Yukun Yan , Yuxuan Chen , Zhenghao Liu , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Large language models (LLMs) are prone to hallucination stemming from misaligned self-awareness, particularly when processing queries exceeding their knowledge boundaries. While existing mitigation strategies employ uncertainty estimation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Hang Zheng , Hongshen Xu , Yuncong Liu , Lu Chen , Pascale Fung , Kai Yu